1、阅读理解之说明文 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人 以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然 环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释， 使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、 功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等 有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它 包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学 小品等。 题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域 的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程 项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存 状况、自然或社会现象产生的原
2、因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。 为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例 子(by setting examples)、作比较-对比说明相异、类比说明相似(by making comparisons)、析因果(cause and effect)、列数字(by listing statistics /figures/numbers)、作诠释(by explanation)、下定义(by definition)、作 引用(by quoting)、作假设(by making assumptions)等。 时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序 (
3、如因果、现象与本质)。 1. 新闻报道类：总体-细节或过程说明 2. 科普类：社会现象或变化-细节(运作原理或原因阐述） -社会效应和相关启示。 3. 研究调查类：(引出话题)-调查结果-调查过程(方法， 步骤，人员.)-对现实的影响和未来的展望 4. 说明呈现类：总体呈现-细节描述(中心句一般在段首)- -(总结) 1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色 彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点。 2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描述一个客观 事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语 法现象于一体的长句。 3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。 Some of
4、 the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its pote
5、ntial as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz,
6、 Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger
7、 start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.
8、It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me,
9、 its the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the mus
10、ic has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” (新闻报道新闻报道2017C) Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educat
11、ional, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music
12、 has failed to connect with younger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the
13、 American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” 1 introduce the news event- musicia
14、ns celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day 2-4 the situation of Jazz today Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the
15、way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music,” says Moran. “For me, its the recontextualization. In music,
16、where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so
17、 I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 5 the problem with jazz today 6 what did Moran do? 28Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day? 29What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? 30What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz? 3
18、1Which of the following can be the best title for the text? 细节理解 词义猜测 推理判断 主旨要义 Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently
19、 set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. Its
20、Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radi
21、os reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” 28Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day? ATo remember the birth of jazz.
22、 BTo protect cultural diversity. CTo encourage people to study music. DTo recognize the value of jazz. Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
23、 Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with yo
24、unger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tel
25、ls National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” 29What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A
26、Jazz becoming more accessible. BThe production of jazz growing faster. CJazz being less popular with the young. DThe jazz audience becoming larger. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish
27、is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and write anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today
28、 the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is con
29、cert music,” says Moran. “For me, its the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Som
30、etimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 30What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz? AIt will disappear gradually. BIt remains black and white. CIt should keep up with the times. DIt ch
31、anges every 50 years. Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, i
32、ts significance, and its potential as a unifying(联合) voice across cultures. Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations. Its Jason Morans job to help change that. As the Kennedy Cente
33、rs artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture. “Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite,” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan. “What Im hoping to accomplish is t
34、hat my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. Its actually color, and its actually digital.” Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost. “The music cant be presented today the
35、 way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,” says Moran. Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party, “Just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert
36、 music,” says Moran. “For me, its the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感) lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight(感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometim
37、es we lose sight that the music has a wider context,” says Moran, “so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster.” 31Which of the following can be the best title for the text? AExploring the Future of Jazz. BThe Rise and Fall of Jazz. CThe Story of a Jazz Musician. DCe
38、lebrating the Jazz Day. As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they
39、have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a u
40、sers typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesnt req
41、uire a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be
42、 used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. (科普类科普类
43、2019C) 1. Present the phenomenon: It is expensive to protect private e-spaces. 2-3. How does a smart keyboard work? 4. what can a smart keyboard be used for? 28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? 29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？ 30. What do the researcher
44、s expect of the smart keyboard？ 31. Where is this text most likely from? 细节理解 细节理解 细节理解 主旨要义 As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are
45、still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence（节奏）with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer
46、 a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected torega
47、rdless of whether someone gets the password right. It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently. In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four ti
48、mes using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like p
49、arts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future. (科普类科普类2019C) 28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard? A. To reduce pressure on keys. B. To improve accuracy in typing C. To replace the password system. D. To cut the cost of e-space protection. As data and identity theft b
50、ecomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric（生物测量）technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device（装置）that gets aro
