1、第二讲第二讲动词的分类及句型变化动词的分类及句型变化 一动词的分类一动词的分类 根据动词的词义和在谓语中的作用，我们可以把动词分为：实义动词实义动词（notional verb） 、助动词助动词（auxiliary verb）和）和情态助动情态助动词词（modalverb） 。 1.实义动词实义动词的特点： 1从词义的角度来看，实义动词具备完整的词汇意义具备完整的词汇意义； 2从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，实义动词能单独充当句子的谓语。英语中除了助动词能单独充当句子的谓语。英语中除了助动词 和情态动词以外，其他的均为实义动词和情态动词以外，其他的均为实义动词。 2.助动词助动词 be，do，和和
2、 have 的特点： 1从词义的角度来看，助动词不具备词汇意义不具备词汇意义； 2从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，助动词不能单独充当句子的谓语助动词不能单独充当句子的谓语，它必须和实义动词连用它必须和实义动词连用，以帮助构以帮助构 成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问等。成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问等。 英语中最常用的助动词有三个：be，do 和 have，它们分别具有各种变化形式。如下： 1. be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being2.do: does, did done doing3. have: has, had, having 3.情态助动词情态
3、助动词（modal verb）的特点： 1.从词义的角度来看，情态动词有其自身的词汇意义有其自身的词汇意义，如用来表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、允许、能用来表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、允许、能 力、怀疑等等，以表示说话者对某种行为或状态的看法或态度力、怀疑等等，以表示说话者对某种行为或状态的看法或态度。 从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，与助动词一样，情态动词在句中不能单独作句子的谓语，而必须和实义与助动词一样，情态动词在句中不能单独作句子的谓语，而必须和实义 动词一起构成复合谓语。动词一起构成复合谓语。 英语中的情态动词主要有下列 10 个： can/could,may/might,shall/sh
4、ould, will/would, must和和 had better。 另外还有一些与上述情态动词有关的短语动词： be able to（与 can 类似） be going to（与 will 类似） ought to, be supposed to（与 should 类似） have to, have got to（与 must 类似） 二关于句型变化二关于句型变化 1. 否定否定 陈述句的否定构成有两种：谓语中含有谓语中含有 be 动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。 含有含有 be 动词或情态动动词或情态动词的否定词的否定：这时直接在 be
5、 动词或情态动词的后面加否定词 not 即构成否定句。 例：He is a teacher.He is not a teacher.He can swim. He can not swim. 谓语是谓语是实义动词的否定实义动词的否定： 要借助助动词 do 及其各种变形来完成。 如果是一般现在时的句子， 谓语则是“do not动词原形”结构；若句子的主语是单数第三人称，谓语则用“doesnot动词原形”。如果是一般过去时 的句子，则用“did not动词原形”。 例：I like English.I dont like English.He likes English.He doesnt lik
6、e English. I liked English.I didnt like English. 2.2.一般疑问句一般疑问句 一般疑问句的构成有两种：谓语中含有谓语中含有 be 动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。 含有含有 be 动词或情动词或情态动词的态动词的要构成一般疑问句要构成一般疑问句：只需将 be 动词或情态动词移到句首。注意一般疑问句的回 答方式：肯定回答用yes，否定回答用 no。 例：He is a teacher.Is he a teacher?He can swim.Can he not swim? 回答：Yes，he is.
7、/No ,he isnt.Yes，he can./No ,he cant. 谓语动词是实义动词谓语动词是实义动词的一般疑问句的一般疑问句：如果句子是一般现在时，要借助助动词 do 或 does，将 do 或 does 放在句首。如果是一般过去时，则是将 did 放在句首，谓语动词变回动词原形。 例：I like English.Do you like English?He likes English.Does he like English? I liked English.Did you like English? 3.3.特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句是在一般疑问句的基础上变化而来的，其
8、句式为：“特殊疑问词一般疑问句？”。如果问 的是主语或主语的定语时，语序不变，为“特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句“。在英语中，特殊疑问词有 who，what， which，when，where，why 和 how 等。 不与名词连用的疑问词不与名词连用的疑问词 一、对人提问who 11) He can sing inEnglish.Who can sing in English? 21) I saw him at theparty lastnight.Who did you sec at the party last night? 二、对事物或所做的事情提问what 31) I like Eng
9、lish.What do you like? 41) I am studyingEnglishgrammar.What are you doing? 51) I am studyingEnglishgrammar.What are you studying? 61) I'd like to goswimming tomorrow.What would you like to do tomorrow? 三、对时间提问when 71) I was born in1980.2) When were you born? 四、对地点提问where 81) He lives in Beijing.
10、Where does he live? 五、对方式提问how 91)He goes to school by bus.How does hegoto school? 六、对原因提问why 101) I often study at thelibrary because it's quiet.Why do you often study at the library? 要与名词连用的疑问词要与名词连用的疑问词 一、which 当说话者提供多种选项对象供对方选择时，我们就要用 which 来提问。此时，which 的后面通常要接一 名词，意思是“哪一个什么东西”。 1A: Could yo
11、u lend meyour pen? B:Sure.I havetwo pens.Thispen hasblack ink.That pen has red ink.Which pen/Which one/Which do youwant? A: That red one. Thanks. 二、whose Whose 的后面必须接名词连用，表示“谁的什么东西”。 21) This is his book.Whose book is this? 31) I borrowed Jack's car last night.Whose car did you borrow last night
12、? how的用法详解的用法详解 一、how 可以单独使用 how 单独使用时，此时 how 是对动作的方式进行提问。比如下面的例句是对交通工具提问： 1A: How do you go to work?B1: I drive./Bycar. B2: I take a taxi./By taxi.B3: I take a bus./By bus. B4: I take a subway./By subway.B5: I walk./On foot. 2A: How did hebreak his leg?B: He fell off the ladder. 二、how 还常与形容词或副词连用与形
13、容词连用的例句如下： 3How old are you?How tall is he? How big is your new house?How far is it from your home to school? How well does he speak English?How quickly can you get here? 三、对动作发生的频率提问how often/how many times.? 41) I write to myparents once a month.How often do you write to your parents? 51) I write
14、to myparents once a month.How many times a month do you write to yourparents? 61) I goshopping twice a week.How often do you go shopping? 71) I goshopping twice a week.How many times a week do you goshopping? 其他表示频率的短语还有： 【课堂练习课堂练习】 I.找出下列句中的实义动词、助动词或情态动词。 1Studying English takestime. 2The first ste
15、p is always thehardest. 3The library was built last year. 4I can't standtheheat. 5Youcan leave thedoor open. 6 He speaks English well. 7That can save you a lot of time. 8I will find you a good teacher. 9I find you a good teacher. 10She will make him a good wife. II将下列句子先改成否定句，然后改为一般疑问句，并做出肯定及否定回
16、答。然后再对划线部分提问一个特 殊疑问句。 1She lives there. 2Kenny lived there. 3I'm living here. 4I often get upat 7:00 in themorning. 5He likes swimming. 6He is reading English. 7I will graduate next year. 8I saw Jack at the party last night. 9George is going to study at his dormitory tonight. 10I am going to vis
17、it my grandmother this summer vacation. 2which/what 辨析。 11A:do you want tobuy? B: I want to buy a pen. A: Wehave a lot of different pens.Their prices vary from 10 yuanto300 yuan.are you going tobuy? B: That one. 12A: There are flights to Kunming at 7:30 AM, 9:00AM and 11:30 AM. B:are you going to ta
18、ke?A: The7:30 flight. 【课后强化巩固练习】【课后强化巩固练习】 按要求转换句型： 1. I come to school by bike. (对划线部分提问) 2. There is a sheep on the hill. (对划线部分提问) 3. I must go now. (变为一般疑问句，并作否定回答) 4. He never goes to see a film. (对划线部分提问) 5.The apples are two yuan a kilo. (对划线部分提问) 6. The boy close to Tom is Liu Bing. (对划线部分提问
19、) 7. Its about 4 li from my home to school. (对划线部分提问) 8. Wei Hua and his good friends read an interesting story.(变为一般疑问句) 9. I can speak English.(变为一般疑问句，并作否定回答) 10. Id like come to the party. (变为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答) 11. He always gets up earlier than us. (否定句) 12.Somebody is in the room. (变为一般疑问句) 13. I w
20、ill stay in Guangzhou for a month. (对划线部分提问) 14.Id like tomatoes on it. (对划线部分提问) 15. He did his homework yesterday. (否定句) 16. Tom went to Beijing for his holiday last summer. (对划线部分提问) 17. I have to finish my homework first. (变为一般疑问句) 18. I believe he is coming tomorrow. (否定句) 19. Lila is studying in the sun. (对划线部分提问) 20. The book on the floor is Toms. (对划线部分提问) 21. I was born in May,1992. (对划线部分提问) 22.The students will go to the cinema tomorrow.(改为否定句) 23.Peter had some noodles for lunch today.(改为一般疑问句)
