1、1选择性性必修一选择性性必修一 Unit 5知识点全面总结知识点全面总结一教材词汇及用法一教材词汇及用法1.hybrid habrdn.杂交植(动)物;合成物;混合动力车2.shortageshortagertdn.不足;缺少;短缺food/housing/water shortages食物 / 住房 / 用水短缺3.crisiscrisis krakras sss n. (pl. crises/-siz/)危机;危急关头 In times of crisis4.assumptionassumptionsmpnn.假定;设定;(责任的);承担;(权利的)获得1)It is reasonable
2、 to assume (that) the economy will continue to improve.2)It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work.3)Dont always assume the worst.5.consumptionconsumptionknsmpnn.消耗;消耗量;消费 consumer: n. 消费者，顾客 (CPI:consumer price index)1)The electricity industry consumes large amounts of fossilfu
3、els.2)The hotel was quickly consumed by fire. 3)Gas and oil consumption alwaysincreases in winter.6.strain strenn.(动、植物的)系;品种;拉伤;压力7.ensureensure n nrr 确保; 担保;Please ensure (that) all lights are switched off.请务必将所有灯都关掉。The book ensured his success. 这本书保证了他的成功。8.soilsoilsln.泥士;土壤;国土;领土9.celebritycele
4、brity sslebrlebrtitin.名望;名誉;名人;名流10.sorghumsrmn.高梁;高梁米11.broom brumn.扫把;扫帚;金雀花12.graingrain rerennn.谷物;谷粒;颗粒13.visionvision v vnnn.想象;视力;视野;影像14.realityreality riril ltitin.现实;实际情况;事实15.tunnel tnln.地下通道;地道;隧道16. extensionextension k kstenstennn n. 扩建部分;扩大;电话分机 1)The show has been extendedfor another
5、 six weeks.2)They plan to extend their research in this field.3)A truefriend will always extend a helping hand to you when youre in the depths ofdespair.4)He built an extension onto his house.17.wheatwheatwitn.小麦;小麦籽18.flavorflavor fleflev vrrn. 味道;特点;特色19.fertilizerfrtlazn.肥料20.nutritionnutrition n
6、unutrtrnnn.营养;滋养21.poverty p pv vrtirtin.贫穷;贫困22.pesticide pestsadn.杀虫剂;除害药物23.bacteriumbktrimn.细菌224.mineralmineral m mn nr rlln.矿物;矿物质25.grocerygroceryrosrin.食品杂货店;pl.食品杂货26.instanceinstance nstnstnsnsn.例子;实例;事例27.depthdepth depdep n.向下(或向里)的距离;深(度)28.rootroot ruruttn.根;根茎;根部;根源29.aspectaspect spe
7、ktspektn.方面;层面30.alternativealternative l lt trnrnt tvvn.可供选择的事物adj.可供替代的;非传统alter: v.改变 alternate: v. 交替(alternate A and/with B) 1)We have no alternative but to fireDavid. 2)You can pay in cash or by check. Those are the two alternatives .3) Ourcountry focuses on developing alternative energy in or
8、der to reduce using fossilfuels. 4)Nothing can alter the fact that we are to blame.31.characteristiccharacteristick kr rktktr rststkkn. 特征;特点;品质 adj.典型的;独特的32.bombbomb bmn.炸弹 v.轰炸;对投炸弹33.boostboost bubuststn.增长;提高;激励vt.使增长;使兴旺34.yieldjildn.产量;产出.出产(作物);产生(收益、效益等)vi.屈服;让步35.outputoutput a atptpttn.产量
9、;输出;输出量 vt.( output,output)输出36.estimateestimate estestmemettn.估计;估算vt.估 计 ; 估 价 ; 估 算 1)It is hard toestimate how many children will take part in the activity.2)It is estimated theproject will last five years.3)Its very difficult to give a reliable estimate.37.digestdigest dadad destestn.摘要;文摘vt.vi
10、.消化 v.领会;领悟38.devotedevotedvotvt. 把献(给);把专用于;专心于 devotion: n. 奉献; 忠诚; 专心 devote.to.:把用于; 献身; 致力; 专心 be devoted to: 致力于; 专心于;被用在什么上 1)She decided to devote the rest of her life to the scientificresearch.2)They have devoted themselves to fighting poverty(贫困).39. tackletackle t tklklvt. 解决(难题);应付(局面);处
11、理 1)In the last forty years theChinese government has made great contributions to tackling poverty in China.2)There are four different ways to tackle the problem.40. convinceconvinceknvnsvt. 使相信;使确信;说服 convinced: adj. 坚信的; 深信的; 确信的 convincing: adj. 令人信服的; 有说服力的 convince sb. of: 相信 convince sb todo.:
12、 说服某人做什么 1)I will try to convince him to see a doctor.2)Youll need toconvince them of your enthusiasm for the job.3)She sounded very convincing to me (=I believed what she said) .4)Yuan was convinced that the answer could be found in thecreation of hybrid rice.41.attainattain tetennvt. (通常经过努力)获得;得到
13、42.pollinatepollinate plnetvt. 授粉;传粉43.overcomeovercome o ov vr rk kmmvt. ( overcame,overcome)克服;解决;战胜 1)The two partiesmanaged to overcome their differences on the issue.2)In games of table-tennis Chinaeasily overcome its opponents.44.expandexpand k kspspndndvt.vi.扩大;增加 vt.扩展;发展(业务)prisecomprise kk
14、m mpraprazzvt包括;包含;由组成 be comprisedcomprised ofof包括;包含;由组成(或构成46.generategenerate d denenrerettvt. 产生;引起47.envision nvnvt. 展望;想象348.alleviate liviet vt. 减轻;缓解49.conventionaconventional knvennladj.传统的;习惯的50.intenseintensentensadj.热切的;十分强烈的;激烈的51.domesticddomesticdmestmestkkadj 本国的;国内的;家用的;家庭的52.salty
15、salty s sltiltiadj 含盐的;成的53.urbanurbanrbnadj 城市的;都市的;城镇的54.chemicalchemical kemkladj.与化学有关的;化学的 n.化学制品;化学品55.nutritionalnutritionalnutrnladj.营养(物)的56.nutritiousnutritiousadj 有营养的;营养丰富的57.organicorganicadj.有机的;不使用化肥的;有机物的58.widespreadwidespreadadj.分布广的;普遍的;广泛的59.essentialessentialadj.完 全 必 要 的 ; 极 其
16、重 要 的 essence: n. 本 质 ， 精 华 ， 要 素1)Experience is essential for this job.2)It is essential that you have some workexperience.60.entirelyentirelyadv.全部地;完整地;完全地61.Vietnamvitnm越南(国家名)62.deepdeep downdown在内心深处;本质上;实际上 deep down:在内心深处; 本质上; 实际上as a matter of fact = in fact/effect:实际/事实上 1)I have so many
17、friends, but deepdown, I have a fear of loneliness.2)Deep down, I think they are still afraid of you.3)We know deep down that we will make it.4)Deep down, Yuan is still very much a farmerat heart.63.inin turnturn相应地;转而;依次;轮流64.forfor instanceinstance例如;比如二重要短语二重要短语1.convince1.convince 的常用短语的常用短语conv
18、ince sb/oneself of sth 使某人/自己相信某事convince that 相信/确信convince sb to do sth 说服某人做某事be convinced of sth/that 坚信e 的常用短语的常用短语come up with 想出 提出（计划、方法等）come up 被提出 走近 破土而出come about 发生 产生come across 偶然碰上come around 拜访 改变观点43.devote3.devote 的常用短语的常用短语devote ones time/energy/attention/.to (doing) sth把某人的时间/
19、精力/注意力/用到上be devoted to sb 深爱某人 对某人忠诚三、三、常见句型与表达常见句型与表达1.1.“ItIt + + bebe + + 过去分词过去分词 + + thatthat”句型句型 在此句型中，It 是形式主语，that 引导的从句是真正的主语，that 仅起连接作用，不做成分。 常用于此句型的过去分词 （短语） 有 believed， said， reported， thought， hoped， suggested，known，estimated，proved，pointed out 等。It is generally believed that a good
20、education is beneficial to young people.（人们）通常认为一个良好的教育对年轻人是有益的。It is reported that the mayor will visit our school next week.据报道，市长下周要来参观我们学校。 该句型可转换为“Sb/Sth + be + 过去分词 + 不定式”句型。据说瑜伽对人们的健康有益。It is said that yoga is of great benefit to peoples health.Yoga is said to be of great benefit to peoples h
21、ealth.注：“Sb/Sth + be + 过去分词 + 不定式”句型中的不定式除了用一般式表示一般情况和将来情况之外，还可用进行式和完成式表示动作正在进行和动作已经完成。2.2. preferprefer toto do.do. ratherrather thanthan do.do.（宁愿做（宁愿做而不愿做）而不愿做）Nowadays many people prefer to surf the Internet at home rather than take exerciseoutdoors.如今许多人宁可待在家里上网，也不愿意到户外进行锻炼。People seem to prefe
22、r to emphasize the things he does not do right nowadays，rather thanlook at the great things he does for the team.现在人们似乎更愿意强调他做的不好的事情，而不愿看他为团队所做的好的事情。3.3. 表示表示“宁愿宁愿”的相关句型的相关句型4.4. “notnot onlyonlybutbut（alsoalso）”结构（结构（“不仅不仅.而且而且”）would do sth rather than do sthwould rather do sth than do sth宁愿做而不愿做w
23、ould rather sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事（用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事）would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人做过某事（用过去完成时表示过去的动作）would do sth rather than do sthwould rather do sth than do sth5关于该句型的常见考点有以下三个 该句型连接两个并列结构该句型连接两个并列结构，可以连接两个名词、代词、动词（短语）、介词短语、句子等。He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.他不但读了
24、这本书，而且记得所读的内容。The moving story gives me not only experience but also confidence.这个动人的故事不仅给了我经验，而且给了我信心。 主谓一致：主谓一致：not only A but also B 做主语时，谓语动词的人称和数遵循“就近一致”原则，即以 B 为准。Not only Mr Lin but also his children like watching TV.林先生和他的孩子们都喜欢看电视。Not only the students but also the teacher was against the p
25、lan.不但同学们反对这个计划，老师也反对。倒装：倒装：notnot onlyonlybutbut（alsoalso）.连接并列分句，且 not only位于句首时，not only 所在的分句要用部分倒装结构，but（also）所在的分句不倒装。Not only do I know her, but Im her good friend.我不仅认识她，我还是她的好朋友。Not only does the sun give us light but also it gives us heat.太阳不仅给我们提供了光还给了我们热。四、语法精解四、语法精解1.1. 主语从句主语从句在句中起主语作用
26、的从句称为主语从句。 引导主语从句的连接词主要有从属连词、 连接代词和连接副词。 thatthat 引导的主语从句引导的主语从句1）that 置于句首的主语从句（that 在从句中不做任何成分，也没含义，只起连接作用，不能省略）That the college will take in more new students is true.这所大学将要招收更多的新生是真的。2）that 从句做主语时，常用 it 做形式主语，that 引导的真正主语从句后置，常见的句式主要有如下几种 ItIt + + 系动词系动词 + + 形容词形容词 + + thatthat 从句。常用于这种结构的形容词有：从
27、句。常用于这种结构的形容词有：necessary 必要的certain 明确的right 正确的clear 清晰的(un)likely（不）可能的possible 可能的strange 奇怪的obvious 明显的natural 自然的important 重要的It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很明显，整个计划注定要失败。It is likely that he can t come to the meeting.很可能他不能来参加会议了。注：在“It Is necessary/ important/ s
28、urprising/strange/. + that 从句”结构中，从句中谓语常用“should + 动词原形”形式，其中 should 可省略。It is necessary that a college student (should) master one or two foreign languages.大学生掌握一两门外语是必要的。6It is strange that you (should) trust Jane.很奇怪你竟然相信简。 It + 系动词 + 名词 +that 从句。常用于这种结构的名词词组有：a pity 遗憾an honour 荣耀a shame 令人遗憾的事a
29、 wonder 奇迹good news 好消息no wonder 难怪a fact 事实no surprise 不奇怪It is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture yesterday.你昨天没参加讲座真是遗憾。Its no wonder that youve achieved so much success.难怪你取得了这么大成功。 ItIt + + bebe + + 过去分词过去分词 + + thatthat 从句。常用于这种结构的过去分词形式有：从句。常用于这种结构的过去分词形式有：said 据说heard 有人听说decided 有人决定a
30、dvised 有人建议remembered 有人记得considered 有人认为announced 据宣布told 有人告诉reported 据报道suggested 有人建议ordered 根据命令thought 有人认为hoped 有人希望It is said that the professor has already succeeded in carrying out this experiment.据说这位教授已经成功地完成了这项实验。It is reported that no passengers were injured in the accident.据报道在事故中没有乘客
31、受伤。注：“It be suggested/ advised/ordered/requested/insisted/ demanded/.that 从句”结构中，that 从句中谓语应用“should + 动词原形”，should 可省略。It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.建议你花更多的时间学习英语。 It + 动词（+宾语或状语）+ that 从句。常用于这种结构的动词（短语）有：seem 显得happen 碰巧matter 重要occur 出现turn out 结果是It happen
32、ed that I was away when he called.他打电话时，我正好不在家。 It turns out thatour team has won the game.结果是我们队赢了这场比赛。 It occurred to me that we shouldget in touch with the manager.我突然想起来我们应该与经理联系。 whetherwhether，ifif 引导的主语从句引导的主语从句whether 引导的主语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，但 if 引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需用 it 做形式主语。whether，if 在从句中不做任
33、何成分，只起连接作用，不能省略，表示”是否”。Whether the work can be completed on time is doubtful.项工作能否按时完成还没准呢。（可改为 It is doubtful whether the work can be completed on time. ）It is unknown whether/if he has agreed to my plan.不知道他是否已经同意了我的计划。 wh-wh-类连接词引导的主语从句类连接词引导的主语从句1）wh-类连接词包括连接代词（who，whom，whose，what，whoever，whomev
34、er，whatever 等）和连接副词（when，where，how，why，whenever，wherever，however 等）。有时也可以用 it做形式主语。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持会议还没有决定。注：主语从句如果是用连接代词 what，whatever，whoever 等引导的，表示的是一个具体的东西7或人，这种主语从句不能用 it 做形式主语
35、。 What is worth doing is worth doing well.凡是值得做的事就值得把它做好。 Whatever was said here has left us much to think.这里所说的一切都让我们深思。 Whoever comes will be welcome.谁来都欢迎。2）what 引导主语从句时，谓语动词的单复数形式遵循意义一致原则。What the kid wanted was only a new schoolbag.那个孩子想要的只是一个新书包What the kid wanted were some new books.那个孩子想要的是一
36、些新书。2.2. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中充当表语的句子被称为表语从句。 that 引导表语从句，that 无任何意义，也不充当任何句子成分，通常不省略。My dream is that I will have my own company.我的梦想就是我将来有我自己的公司。 whether 引导表语从句（此时通常不可用 if 代替 whether）。 The problem is whether wecan get there on time.问题是我们是否能按时到达那里。 where 可表示抽象意义，表示“.的地方，点”。You are saying everyone should be
37、 equal and this is where I disagree.每个人都应该是平等的，这就是我不同意你的地方。 几类常见的表语从句句型：1）It looks/seems as if 好像；仿佛.2）This is because 这是因为3）The reason whyis that .的原因是4）That is why. 那是因为.5）The question/problem is whether/when/where 问题是是否/何时/在哪里.6） his dream/suggestion/aim/purpose is that. 他的梦想/建议/目标/目的是3.3.主语从句主语从
38、句即在复合句中充当主语成分的句子，例如That he finished writing the composition insuch a short time surprised us all，他在很短的时间内写完作文让我们都很惊讶，此复合句主要描述的是某事让我们惊讶，某事就是该复合句的主语，因此“That he finished writingthe composition in such a short time”便是该复合句的主语从句。引导主语从句的连词主要有：从属连词：that whether连接代词：whom whose who whoever what whatever which
39、 whichever连接副词：why when whenever where wherever how however4.同位语从句同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。e.g.The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.8巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。同位语部分是个句子，就是同位语从句，这种用法比较固定1)、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。e.g.I heard the news that
40、our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。2)、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有 news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility,decision 等（一般“抽象”名词都可用）。e.g.I ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won t be able to see you this afternoon我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。3)、英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词 that，whether，连接代词 what，who。连接副词how,when,where 等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）e.g.He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。4)、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，这是因为英语中的尾重原则（即不允许“头重脚轻”的现象存在）e.g.The news is surprising that David hit Boots,his classmate to the ground.大卫把他同学布茨)打倒在地的消息令人惊讶。9
