1、UNIT 2 BRIDGING CULTURESSection BLearning About LanguageGrammar1. Enable the students to master the usage of subject clauses in this unit.2. Enable the students to use the subject clauses patterns flexibly.3. Train the students to apply some skills by doing the relevant exercises.Teaching aimsJacks
2、story is moving. 名词名词 What Jack did is moving. 主语从句主语从句在在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。主语主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或之前或由由形式主语形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。代替，而本身放在句子末尾。Activity 1: Observe the sentences.主语主语Activity 2: Study the sentences below and mark the noun clauses. What is
3、the function of each noun clause in the sentences?1 What seemed strange before now appears quite normal to Xie Lei. 2 What surprised Xie Lei was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks. 主语从句；在句中作主语表语从句；在句中作表语 主语从句；在句中作主语Activity 2: Study the sentences below and mark the no
4、un clauses. What is the function of each noun clause in the sentences?3 Its important that Xie Lei keeps a balance between her studies and her social life. 主语从句；that 从句是真正主语形式主语知识小结知识小结名词或名词短语可以在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语。当这些名词或名词短语由一个句子替代时，就是名词性从句。名词性从句( Noun Clauses) 是在句子中起名词作用的句子。根据在句中不同的语法功能，可以把名词性从句分别称为主
5、语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1 The advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad. His words were quite helpful to May. （what） 2 Students have to write countless research papers as part of their coursework . This was not something that Chen Hao was ready for. （that）3 Who will b
6、e the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm? This is the question. （who） Activity 3: Combine each pair of sentences using the words in brackets.What the advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad was quite helpful to MayThat students have to write
7、 countless research papers as part of their coursework was not something that Chen Hao was ready for. This is the question who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm. 4 Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world. T
8、his is an advantage of studying abroad. （that） 5 Schools in the States are quite multicultural，with students and teachers from many different ethnic backgrounds. This impressed Liu Yang. （It. that） 6 Should she stick to her own way of life or follow the American way? This is her confusion . （whether
9、） Activity 3: Combine each pair of sentences using the words in brackets.An advantage of studying abroad is that exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students great insights into the world.It impressed Liu Yang that schools in the States are quite multicultural，with students
10、and teachers from many different ethnic backgrounds.Her confusion is whether she should stick to her own way of life or follow the American way.名词性从句名词性从句类型类型功能功能语序语序it引导词引导词that省略省略主语从句 陈述语序连词连接代词连接副词表语从句宾语从句知识小结知识小结充当主语充当表语充当宾语作形式主语作形式宾语不可省略一般不省略可以省略Activity 4: Complete the passage with A-D from t
11、he box. A that he enjoys being with Chinese peopleB How he can learn to appreciate it more deeplyC What impressed him first D that people can eat almost everything with chopsticks After just a few months in China，Leon，an exchange student from Germany，says that he has fallen in love with Chinese cult
12、ure. _was the Chinese food. He couldnt believe how many different kinds of Chinese food there are! Something else he found impressive was _. Then theres Chinas colourful culture，from art to music，and from calligraphy to literature. CDActivity 4: Complete the passage with A-D from the box. A that he
13、enjoys being with Chinese peopleB How he can learn to appreciate it more deeplyC What impressed him first D that people can eat almost everything with chopsticks _remains an important goal for him，as he is truly fascinated by it. Leon is also amazed by the convenience of cashless payments in China.
14、He can go outside without any need for cashall he needs is his mobile phone! The biggest reason why he loves China，however，is _. He has made great friends herefriends that he will still remember long after his departure .BA_ people move to a new country,they often feel worried and stressed_ they don
15、t know the customs and traditions of the new place. This feeling is_is generally called “culture shock”. Kalervo Oberg was the one_ first used this phrase.According to Oberg, there are several stages of culture shock. First there is the honeymoon period. During this period, _people experience is fre
16、sh and exciting to them.In the next stage, frustration, people notice more differences between their own culture and the new one. _people usually do Activity 5: Complete the passage about culture shock with the words from the box.What are the four stages?How do you think people can overcome culture
17、shock?what that who when whatever because WhenbecausewhatwhowhateverWhatabout these differences is either to change their behaviour or return to their home country. If people stay, they come to the third stage which occurs _they begin to adjust to the new culture. They begin to become familiar with
18、the customs, the thinking, and the habits of the new place. Acceptance is the fourth stage.People finally begin to fit into the new culture.Differences no longer trouble them as much, and they feel_they might actually belong in the new place.what that who when whatever because whenthat The four stag
19、es are the honeymoon period，frustration，adjustment，and acceptance. People can overcome culture shock by making a lot of foreign friends and jumping right into the culture.Activity 5: Complete the passage about culture shock with the words from the box.What are the four stages?How do you think people
20、 can overcome culture shock?1 That. made Xie Lei confused at first. 2 It surprised Xie Lei that. 3 What Xie Leis tutor wanted to say was that. 4 The motivation for Xie Lei to study abroad was that.Activity 6: Work in pairs and take turns to talk about Xie Leis experience by completing the following
21、sentences with your own words.One possible version:That people in London speak fast and use unfamiliar words made Xie Lei confused at first. It surprised Xie Lei that her host family are so keen to learn about China. What Xie Leis tutor wanted to say was that she must acknowledge what other people h
22、ad said if she cited their ideas. The motivation for Xie Lei to study abroad was that she wanted to set up a business in China after graduation. Xie Lei said that besides studying hard, she also participated in various social activities. Acting as a cultural messenger is what she didnt expect to do
23、before going abroad.1 名词性从句概述主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，因此这四种从句统称为名词性从句。它们有下列相同之处：（1）连接词相同。从属连词：that，whether，if，as if，as though，because 等连接代词：who，what，whose，which，whom，whoever，whatever，whichever，whomever 等连接副词：when，where，why，how，whenever，wherever 等Whether you win or not doesnt matter.你是否赢并不重要
24、。（whether 引导主语从句，不作句子成分）（2）需用陈述语序。单元语法名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）附：单元语法精讲精练附：单元语法精讲精练（3）四种从句一般不用逗号和主句分开。That colours influence our moods has been improved.颜色能影响我们的情绪已经得到了证明。（主语从句）What they are looking for is their missing dog.他们正在寻找的东西是他们失踪的狗。（主语从句）I just wonder how he got the important information.我就是想知道
25、他是怎样得到这个重要的信息的。（宾语从句）This school is where my mother worked forty years ago.这所学校是我母亲 40 年前工作过的地方。（表语从句）There is no doubt that human activities caused global warming.毫无疑问人类活动导致了全球变暖。（同位语从句）单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) Sometimes，_we show our gratitude to a person is reflected in the kind of food we serve him or her
26、.(2)After a days exhausting climb we arrived at _we had been told was Garden in the Air.(3)The problem is _sometimes when we are given something on a constant basis，we start to take it for granted and forget to be thankful for what we already have.(4)I need help now! I have to fix a leaking pipe in
27、my bathroom but Im not sure _to begin.(5) They are discussing the problem _they should stop investing money in that project.(6) 词汇复现 _we used to see as something impossible is now becoming a reality.(7)The problem is _we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.howwhatthat wherewhetherWhat
28、 how/whether2 that 和 what 引导名词性从句的区别（1）that 在名词性从句中只起连接作用，不作句子成分，无意义。在宾语从句中可以省略。That he won the first gold medal in the Second Youth Olympic Games made us excited. 他在第二届青年奥运会上获得第一枚金牌使我们非常激动。（主语从句中不缺句子成分）（2）what 在名词性从句中不只起连接作用，还作句子成分，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“的”。What impressed me most in the film was the deep
29、love the father showed to his children. 这部电影给我印象最深的是父亲对他的孩子们表现出的深深的爱。（主语从句中缺主语）The book is what I have been looking for.这本书是我一直在寻找的。（表语从句中缺宾语）The city is not what it used to be.这座城市不再是过去的样子了。（表语从句中缺表语）单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) _Bob passed the driving test yesterday made him excited.(2) _Bob told us yesterday
30、was that he had passed the driving test.(3)_surprised us most was that Tom should have left without a word.(4)I looked out of the bus window and dreamed about_we would do while we were on our trip.(5) She believed _all human beings could learn if given the chance.(6) _worries us most is who lets out
31、 the secret.That What WhatwhatthatWhat3 if 和 whether 引导名词性从句的区别（1）if 和 whether 都可引导宾语从句，意为“是否”。 He hasnt decided if/whether he will go there.他还没有决定他是否会去那里。（2）whether 引导主语从句置于句首。置于句中时，也可用 if。Whether it is true remains a question.这是否属实仍是一个问题。It doesnt matter if/whether you will attend the meeting tomo
32、rrow.你明天是否参加会议无关紧要。（3）whether 引导表语从句。The question is whether he will recover from his disease.问题是他是否会从他的病中恢复过来。（4）whether 与 or not 连用。Let me know whether or not you can come. 让我知道你是否能来。（5）whether 与 to do 连用。She cant decide whether to do it. 她不能决定是否要做那件事。（6）whether 作介词的宾语。There has been no news about
33、 whether they have finished their work.没有关于他们是否完成了工作的消息。【误区警示误区警示】if 可引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。If our manager comes back from France，I will let you know at once.如果我们的经理从法国回来了，我将立刻让你知道。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)He hasnt decided _hell go on a trip to Wuxi.(2) _the party will be held mainly depends on the weather.(3) It d
34、oesnt matter much _you attend the meeting or not tomorrow.(4) 词汇复现 Money played a big role in_or not people went to concerts and engaged with the arts.(5) The bears live in outdoor forest cages big enough to let the animals decide _ to play together or stay away from each other most of the day.(6) T
35、he researchers attempted to find out_new plants could lessen air pollutions effects.(7)_he knows the news，he will be happy.if/whether Whetherif/whetherwhether whether whetherIf4 because，why 和 that 引导表语从句的区别在 It/This/That be because/why. 句型中，because 后接原因，why 后接结果。当主句的主语是the reason时，后面的表语从句由that引导。He
36、didnt go by bike with me. Thats because there was something wrong with his bike. 他没和我一起骑自行车去，那是因为他的自行车坏了。（前果后因）His right foot was injured. Thats why he had to drop out of the game.他的右脚受了伤，那就是他退出比赛的原因。（前因后果）The reason why he wasnt chosen captain of the team was that he lacked the spirit of teamwork.他
37、没有被选中球队队长的原因是他缺乏团队精神。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) It is reported that a huge percentage of bird species are in danger. Its _their habitats or homelands are disappearing.(2) Mary is a humorous and warm-hearted woman and that is _she is a mostpopular person in her community.(3)The real reason why I dont have a hob
38、by is_I dont have time.becausewhythat5 wh-ever 连接词引导的名词性从句whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever 引导名词性从句，意为“任何”。Whatever your parents do is good for you.你父母做的任何事对你都有好处。Whoever breaks the laws will be punished.任何触犯了法律的人都将受到惩罚。He was free to marry whomever he chose. 他选择了谁就可以和谁结婚。Whichever one of you gets
39、 the highest mark will be given the prize.你们中的任何人得了高分都将获得这个奖项。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)The organizers promise _wins the first prize a chance to go abroad.(2) Some summer camps can provide you with as many as ten courses，and you are requiredto choose _suits you best.(3) The ninety-year-old mother did _she coul
40、d to save her son.whoeverwhicheverwhatever6 it 作形式主语或形式宾语的从句（1）常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语是后面从句的句型有： It+be+ 形容词（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that 从句。It is obvious that Peter got in touch with his friends.很明显，彼得和他的朋友取得了联系。 词汇复现 It+be+ 名词词组（no wonde
41、r，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that 从句。It is a great pity that you cant go abroad for further education.你不能去国外深造真是一个遗憾。It+be+ 过去分词（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that 从句。It is said that the boy has a great gift for language.据说这个男孩在语言方面很有天赋。（2） it 作形
42、式宾语的句型有：make it clear that. 说清楚make it a rule that. 使成为习惯take it for granted that. 认为是理所当然的see to it that. 务必 / 一定The Internet makes it possible that we can work from home.因特网使我们在家里工作成为可能。Dont take it for granted that your parents do everything for you.不要把父母为你做的一切看作是理所当然的。We must see to it that noth
43、ing goes wrong on that day.我们务必确保那天不出任何差错。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) It is obvious _students should study hard to realize their dreams.(2) It is not obvious _the local government will do to deal with the crisis.(3) It is likely _they will go on another journey to Tibet.(4) It is a great pity _you couldnt visit
44、 the Forbidden City when you were in Beijing.(5) It is generally believed _communication skills are becoming what it takes to be a good doctor.(6) It is said _the book has been translated into more than fifty different languages. (7) I have made it clear _I wontsupport your idea.(8) I took_for grant
45、ed that David would attend my wedding，but he didnt turn up at all.(9) See to it _all the students will know the news.that what that thatthat thatthat it that7 It is/was.that. 句型的判定（1）It is/was+ 形容词 / 名词 / 过去分词 +that.，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。（2）It is/was+ 被强调的部分 +that/who. 是强调句型，去掉 it is/was 和 that/who
46、后，适当调整语序，句意明确。这也是强调句型与主语从句以及其他句式的重要区别之一。It is clear that he will come back from the USA tomorrow.=That he will come back from the USA tomorrow is clear.他明天将从美国回来这事很清楚了。（主语从句）It is tomorrow that he will come back from the USA.=He will come back from the USA tomorrow.正是明天他将从美国回来。（强调句）单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) 词
47、汇复现 It is clear _Mrs. Brown has a preference for the color of green.(2) 词汇复现 It is Mrs. Brown _has a preference for the color of green.(3)It was his warning _prevented us from being attacked by the bad men.(4) It is not surprising _he wins two gold medals in the match，for he is an excellent player.(
48、5) It was with the help of the local villagers_the police found the missingchildren.thatthat/who thatthatthat8 名词性从句中的虚拟语气（1）在主语从句 It is suggested /recommended/important /necessary.that. 中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“（should+） do”，should 可省略。It is necessary that you（should） apologize to him.你向他道歉很有必要。（2）在动词 advise，
49、suggest，recommend，propose，demand，require，request，order，desire，urge 等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，即“（should+） do”，should 可省略。The manager demanded that the work（should） be finished before Friday. 经理要求这项工作必须在周五之前完成。（3）在名词 advice，suggestion，recommendation，proposal，demand，requirement，request，order，desire 等后的表语从句中，谓
50、语动词用虚拟语气，即“（should+） do”，should 可省略。His request is that a new bike（should） be bought for him.他的要求是给他买一辆新自行车。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)It is suggested that everyone _（wear）a mask if he goes out.(2) The doctor recommended that my father_（go） to the sea to breathe in some fresh air.(3) The boss demanded that the
