1、胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）测试题Chapter 1Introductions to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human_A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3.The function
2、 of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is_.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feelmight affect
3、 their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about
4、anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage? A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. _ refer
5、s to the actual realization of the ideal language users knowledge ofthe rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone thatexists hear and now. It couldnt be sorowful for some lost love or
6、 lost bone. This indicatesthe design feature of _.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9._ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. _ deals with lan
7、guage application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communicationway use
8、d by the deaf-mute is not language.12.Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communicationsystems.14.Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.We were all born with the ability to acquir
9、e language, which means the details ofany language system can be genetically transmitted.16.Only human beings are able to communicate.17.F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early20th century, was a French linguist.18.A study of the features of the English used i
10、n Shakespeares time is an example ofthe diachronic study of language.19.Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)21.Language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ com
11、munication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed_.23.Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is _.24.Theory that primitive ma
12、n made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavywork has been called the _ theory.25.Linguistics is the _ study of language.26.Modern linguistics is _ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle
13、 of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ overwriting.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to
14、 Saussures langue and Chomskys _.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacement33.Competence34.Synchronic linguisticsV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of humanlanguage? Can you tell us w
15、hat language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36.Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Key:In the reference keys, I wont give examples or further analysis.
16、That seems too muchwork for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind ofquestion, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. icywarmteaI.15 BACCC610 BACACII.1115 FFTFF1620 FFFFFIII.21. verbal22. productivity / creativity23. metalingual functi
17、on24. yo-he-ho25. scientific26. descriptive27. speech28. diachronic linguistic29. langue30. competenceIV.31.Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell thedifference between human language and any system of animal communication.32.Displacement: It means that huma
18、n languages enable their users to symbolizeobjects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment ofcommunication.33.Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speakers knowledgeof his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and
19、its grammatical rules.Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreov,etrhe knowledge involved incompetence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model ofcompetence.34.Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time.Th
20、e time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronicanalyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics iscontrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.V.35.Duality makes our language productive.
21、 A large number of different units can be formed outof a small number of elements for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small setof sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number ofwords, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrase
22、s, which in turncan combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems donot have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational systemwhich will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large num
23、ber of sound combinations,e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.36.It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too manythings. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally freefrom limitations.VI.37.It should be guided by the
24、four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency,economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis collect data check against the observable facts come to a conclusion.Chapter 2Speech SoundsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Pitch variation is known as _ when its patt
25、erns are imposed onsentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.Conventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _ of the pphoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.The opening be
26、tween the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5.The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the centerare known as _ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6.A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pa
27、irsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. nB. mC. b D. p9.Which vowe
28、l is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. i:B. u C. eD. i 10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Suprasegmental phon
29、ology refers to the study of phonological properties of unitslarger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification toacquire the quality of a speech sound.13.Two sounds are in free variation when they occu
30、r in the same environment and donot contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word,but merely a different pronunciation.14.p is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucle
31、us but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19.Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation a
32、ccepted by most people.20.The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where toplace a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)21.Consonant sounds can be either _ or _, while all vowelsounds are _.22.Consonant sounds can also be m
33、ade when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _.23.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _ and the lips.24.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at thehighest point in t
34、he mouth. A second element is the _ to which that part of thetongue is raised.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_.26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because ofthe two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrati
35、ng _.27.In English there are a number of _, which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28._ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influenceof their neighbors.29._ is the smallest linguistic unit.30.Speech takes place when the organs
36、 of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movements have an effect on the _ coming from the lungs.IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental feature33.Complementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV.Answer the following questions. (20%)35.
37、What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms ofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI.Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word tha
38、t contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative答案 I.15ACDAA610 DBABBII.1115 TTTFF1620 TTTFFIII.21. voiced, voiceless, voiced22. friction23. tongue24. height2
39、5. obstruction26. minimal pairs27. diphthongs28. Co-articulation29. Phonemes30. air streamIV.31.Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connectedspeech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimestwo neighboring sounds influence each other
40、and are replaced by a third sound which isdifferent from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32.Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of thesegments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of suchunits a
41、s the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includesstress, intonation, and tone.33.Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phonemenever occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phonemenever occur in the same linguis
42、tic environment they are said to be in complementarydistribution.34.Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phonemefrom another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature andthe other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature
43、.V.35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When aspeech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Variousinstruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from
44、 the lungs passes between themunimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants p, s, tare produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from thelungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect.Sounds produc
45、ed in this way are described as voiced. b, z, d are voiced consonants.VI.37.Omit.Chapter 3 LexiconI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2.Morphemes that represent tense, numbe,rgender and
46、case are called _morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3.There are _ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4.In English ise and tion are called _.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5.The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _.A. derivat
47、ional affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6._ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7.The word TB is formed in the way of _.A. acrony
48、myB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8.The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9.The stem of disagreements is _.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10.All of them are meaningful except for _.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomor
49、phII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.12.Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13.Base refers to the part of the word that
50、 remains when all inflectional affixes areremoved.14.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes changethe word-class of the base.15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16.Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of
