1、机载监视系统全册配套完整课件机载监视系统全册配套完整课件机载监视系统机载监视系统Airborne Surveillance System电子信息与自动化学院绪论课程简介课程简介v 本课程性质：专业限选课，面向电子专业，内容不断更新，可直接为民航机载监视专业限选课，面向电子专业，内容不断更新，可直接为民航机载监视类设备原理提供基础知识和相关实验。类设备原理提供基础知识和相关实验。v 本课程安排： 学时：学时：3636学时（课堂教学学时（课堂教学2828学时，实验学时，实验8 8学时）学时）v 课堂教学内容：1.Airborne Weather Radar(WXR)1.Airborne Weath
2、er Radar(WXR)2.Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)2.Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)3.Traffic Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)3.Traffic Collision Avoidance System(TCAS)4.Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System(EGPWS)4.Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System(EGPWS)5.Automatic Dependent Surveillance-
3、Broadcast(ADS-B)5.Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)v 教学目的： 了解民航机载监视相关设备的原理，掌握相关专业词汇。了解民航机载监视相关设备的原理，掌握相关专业词汇。v 教材：编写中编写中 v 成绩：考勤+作业：15%；实验：30%；考试：55%。3电子信息与自动化学院绪论Civil Aviation English v行业性英语，其覆盖内容几乎包含了民用航空企业的所有部门v航空企业的雇佣条件大多包含英语水平，即使入职后，仍会进行民航英语学习，并且随着民航事业的不断发展，各航空企业对在职员工民航英语要求也越来越
4、高。v行业特色明显 - 缩写非常普遍缩写非常普遍 - 专业词汇较多专业词汇较多 - 维修手册维修手册(AMM,FIM,CMM,WDM等等)，试航，试航指令（指令（AD），服务通告（），服务通告（SB）等都是英文。）等都是英文。4电子信息与自动化学院绪论缩写（缩写（Abbreviation）vExample 1：AOCAOC： Airline Operational Communications AOC ：Airline Operation Control AOC： Aircraft Operations Centre AOC： Aircraft Operating CompanyAOC： Ae
5、ronautical Operational Control AOC ：Aeronautical Operational CommunicationsAOC ：Air Operators Certificate AIS(En) Aeronautical Information Services SIA (Fr) Service dInformation AronautiqueACC(En) Area Control Centre CCR(Fr) Centre de Contrle RgionalvExample 2：AIS, ACC5电子信息与自动化学院绪论专业词汇（专业词汇（Speciali
6、zed vocabulary）vTaxiwayvCabinvPitch/roll/yawvAltitudevNautical milevApproachvflight/aircraft/plane/aeroplane/airplane/jet/helicopter/glider/UAV6Introduction to Airborne Surveillance System中国民航大学中国民航大学电子信息工程学院电子信息工程学院电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outline1 General introduction2 Surveillance functions3 Surveillance sens
7、ors8电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outline1 General introduction2 Surveillance functions3 Surveillance sensors9电子信息与自动化学院绪论General introductionv The life of a flightSafety?电子信息与自动化学院绪论Reminder on Air Traffic Servicesv The objectives of the Air Traffic Services(ATS) Ob1： prevent collisions between aircraft（避撞） Ob2： pre
8、vent collisions between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area（避撞） Ob3：expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic（有序） Ob4：provide useful advice and information for the safe and efficient conduct of flights（安全高效） Ob5：notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraf
9、t in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required（预警）电子信息与自动化学院绪论Reminder on Air Traffic Servicesv ATS comprise the three following services(1) The air traffic control service, : Area control service: the provision of air traffic control service for controlled flights, in
10、 order to accomplish objectives 1 & 3; Approach control service: the provision of air traffic control service for arrival or departure, in order to accomplish objectives 1 &3; Aerodrome control service: the provision of air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic, in order to accomplish object
11、ives 1, 2 & 3.(2)The flight information service, to accomplish objective 4.(3)The alerting service, to accomplish objective 5.电子信息与自动化学院绪论Relationship13电子信息与自动化学院绪论Surveillance itemsvPSR(WXR)vSSR(ATCRBS)vSDPS, FDPSvA-SMGCSvSafety nets(STCA(TCAS),MSAW(EGPWS)vADSvMLAT(Multilateration) and WAMv 14电子信息与
12、自动化学院绪论STCASTCA15Short Term Conflict Alert电子信息与自动化学院绪论MSAWMSAW16Minimum Safe Altitude Warning电子信息与自动化学院绪论ICAO(ICAO(国际民用航空组织国际民用航空组织) )17International Civil Aviation OrganizationInternational Civil Aviation Organization Appendix 10 : Aeronautical CommunicationsAppendix 10 : Aeronautical Communication
13、s Book 1 Radio Navigation Aids Book 1 Radio Navigation Aids Book 2 Communication Procedures including those with PANS Book 2 Communication Procedures including those with PANS StatusStatus Book 3 Communications Systems Book 3 Communications Systems Book 4 Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance S
14、ystemsBook 4 Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems Book 5 Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum UtilizationBook 5 Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization http:/www.icao.inthttp:/www.icao.int电子信息与自动化学院绪论Surveillance structureSurveillance structure18电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outline1 General
15、introduction2 Surveillance functions3 Surveillance sensors19电子信息与自动化学院绪论2 Surveillance functionsSurveillance purposes within CNS电子信息与自动化学院绪论Surveillance conceptsSurveillance conceptsvCommunicationControl aircraft trajectories by giving pilots instructionsvNavigationProvide pilots means to follow the
16、 requested trajectories on their own vSurveillanceKnow where aircrafts are at a given instantKnow there they are going to21See AMM to revise and distinguish电子信息与自动化学院绪论CNS ServicesCommunication Fixed/Mobile Service Voice Communication Data-CommunicationNavigation Ground Based Navigation Systems ILS,
17、 VOR, DME, VDF Airspace Based Navigation Systems GPS22Surveillance Non Cooperative PSR Cooperative SSR, MLAT Dependant ADS/B/C电子信息与自动化学院绪论Phases of FlightPhases of Flight23电子信息与自动化学院绪论Associated ServicesAssociated Services24电子信息与自动化学院绪论Surveillance functions Surveillance with COM and NAV is an essen
18、tial element ofintegrated ATM operations Provides the necessary information to ensure safe and expeditious sequencing of air traffic control Real time report of air situation : Position and identification of moving targets Detection and alerts for conflict situation (safe horizontal/vertical separat
19、ion) Appropriate data processing, distribution and displays to the users Ground: controller position Airborne: pilot position25电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outline1 General introduction2 Surveillance functions3 Surveillance sensors26电子信息与自动化学院绪论Surveillance sensorsvAirborne WXRvSSR transpondervTCASvEGPWSvADS-B27电子信息
20、与自动化学院绪论WXR: Airborne weather radarWXR provides the flight crew with a representation of weather (compensated for a/c attitudes): - Localization (tilt and distance) and density of water particles - Turbulence information and wind shear detection through particle horizontal speed detection28反射率(mm/h)
21、颜色显示无雨区50.8电子信息与自动化学院绪论Airborne WXR29电子信息与自动化学院绪论SSR and transponder30电子信息与自动化学院绪论TCAS/ACASv TCAS：Trafic Collision Avoidance Systemv ACAS：Airborne Collision Avoidance System31电子信息与自动化学院绪论EGPWS/TAWSvEGPWS: Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning SystemvTAWS: Terrain Awareness Warning System32电子信息与自动化学院绪论AD
22、S-Bv ADS-B: Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast33电子信息与自动化学院绪论Sensors Position34电子信息与自动化学院绪论Sensors Position35电子信息与自动化学院绪论Sensors Position36电子信息与自动化学院绪论Perspectivev AESS(Aircraft Environment Surveillance System)= TAWS + TCAS + ATC transponder + Weather radar within a single equipment, also cal
23、led ISS(Integerate Surveillance System). From 5 surveillance systems (22 to 30 MCU)+ 7 antennas to37电子信息与自动化学院绪论本课程整体安排本课程整体安排1 Introduction (2)2 Airborne Weather Radar (10)3 SSR transponder (6)4 TCAS/ACAS (4)5 EGPWS/TAWS (4)6 ADS-B (2)38电子信息与自动化学院绪论Basics for Aviation - AlphabetBasics for Aviation
24、- Alphabet39电子信息与自动化学院绪论Basics for Aviation -unitBasics for Aviation -unitvHorizontal distance (Nautical Mile): 1 NM = 1852 m vSpeed (Knot): 1 kt = 1 NM / hvVertical distance (Feet) : 1 ft = 0.3048 m 40电子信息与自动化学院绪论Airborne Weather Radar(WXR)Airborne Weather Radar(WXR)中国民航大学中国民航大学电子信息与自动化学院电子信息与自动化学院
25、电子信息与自动化学院绪论ContentsContentsCon1Con1：Radar principleRadar principleCon2: Introduction to WXRCon2: Introduction to WXRCon3Con3：Ranging,Azimuth measurement,MTIRanging,Azimuth measurement,MTICon4Con4：Transmitter,ReceiverTransmitter,ReceiverCon5Con5：Antenna,CP,DisplayAntenna,CP,Display42电子信息与自动化学院绪论Airb
26、orne Weather Radar(WXR)Airborne Weather Radar(WXR) Con1 Con1：Radar principleRadar principle电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outlines For Con10 0 雷达历史雷达历史1 1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型2 2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理3 3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成4 4 雷达方程雷达方程44电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-0 Con1-0 雷达历史雷达历史 Why we need radarWhy we need radar？v ATC functionATC function
27、Provision of safe and expeditious sequencing of traffic;Provision of safe and expeditious sequencing of traffic;Provision of safe horizontal and vertical separation;Provision of safe horizontal and vertical separation;Safe meaning: No collisionSafe meaning: No collision45电子信息与自动化学院绪论Separation minim
28、aSeparation minima46电子信息与自动化学院绪论Former controllerFormer controller47电子信息与自动化学院绪论Current controllerCurrent controller48电子信息与自动化学院绪论PPI: Plan Position IndicatorPPI: Plan Position Indicator49电子信息与自动化学院绪论50PPI and cluttersPPI and clutters电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型RADAR: RADAR: RARAdio di
29、o D Detection etection A And nd R Ranginganging雷达：无线电探测与测距雷达：无线电探测与测距One of the most important surveillance One of the most important surveillance sensorssensors51电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型52PSR: Primary Surveillance RadarSSR: Secondary Surveillance Radar电子信息与自动化学院绪论雷达频段WXR: 93009375
30、Mhz53Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型54电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型55电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型 Radar is an Radar is an electromagneticelectromagnetic（EMEM） system system for the for the detection and location of reflecting object
31、s such detection and location of reflecting objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people and the natural environment.and the natural environment. Radar can perform its function at long or short Radar can perform its function at long o
32、r short distances and it can operate in darkness, haze, distances and it can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow. Its ability to measure fog, rain, and snow. Its ability to measure distance with distance with high accuracyhigh accuracy and in and in all weather all weather is is one of it
33、s most important attributes.one of its most important attributes. The range of radars can exceed The range of radars can exceed hundreds of miles hundreds of miles and they can be placed on mobile platforms greatly and they can be placed on mobile platforms greatly increasing their effectivity.incre
34、asing their effectivity.56电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-1 Con1-1 雷达的定义和类型雷达的定义和类型v 按雷达接收回波方式按雷达接收回波方式 一次雷达（一次雷达（PSRPSR，Primary Surveillance Radar）：发射一束射频）：发射一束射频能量，接收由目标反射回来的一小部分能量，接收由目标反射回来的一小部分能量，主要用于进近和场面。能量，主要用于进近和场面。(Non-(Non-cooperative, 2D position)cooperative, 2D position) 二次雷达（二次雷达（SSRSSR，Secondary Surv
35、eillance Radar）：发射一组飞机）：发射一组飞机应答机可以识别的特征脉冲，由飞机在应答机可以识别的特征脉冲，由飞机在约定时间间隔内发射一串应答编码脉冲，约定时间间隔内发射一串应答编码脉冲，主要用于航路。主要用于航路。(Cooperative,3D (Cooperative,3D position)position)57电子信息与自动化学院绪论v The simplest radar system transmits a pulse of The simplest radar system transmits a pulse of high frequency energy and
36、listens for the echo high frequency energy and listens for the echo of that pulse.of that pulse.v Given that EM energy travels at , the Given that EM energy travels at , the time it takes for a pulse to travel to a target time it takes for a pulse to travel to a target and the echo to travel back wi
37、ll tell us the and the echo to travel back will tell us the range.range.R = cTR = cTR R/2/2where R = range in meterswhere R = range in metersc = the speed of the EM pulsec = the speed of the EM pulseT TR R = the round trip transit time = the round trip transit timesm/103858Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探
38、测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理v The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves ormicrowaveswhich bounce off any object in their path. v The object returns a tiny part of the waves energy to the radar dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the tran
39、smitter.v Obviously, we cannot send out another pulse until a time window has passed, in which we expect to see a return echo.59电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理60电子信息与自动化学院绪论 目标斜距的测量目标斜距的测量(测距测距)2R=ctr 2rctR 式中式中, R为目标到雷达站的单程距离为目标到雷达站的单程距离, 单位为单位为m; tr为电磁波往返于为电磁波往返于目标与雷达之间的时间间隔目标与雷达之间的时间
40、间隔, 单位为单位为s; c为光速，为光速，c=3108m/s。计算计算1us，1ms雷达探测距离，探测雷达探测距离，探测100NM所需时间。所需时间。Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理61电子信息与自动化学院绪论发射脉冲回波噪声trtrtt 目标斜距的测量（目标斜距的测量（测距测距）Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理62电子信息与自动化学院绪论63Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论目标O 目标角度的测量（目标角度的测量（测角测角）雷达天线波束扫描原理Con1-2 Con1-2 雷
41、达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理64条件条件: （1）电磁波沿直线传播）电磁波沿直线传播 （2）雷达天线具有方向性）雷达天线具有方向性电子信息与自动化学院绪论天线方向性天线方向性 天线的方向性可用它的方向性函数或根据方向性函数画出天线的方向性可用它的方向性函数或根据方向性函数画出的方向图表示。的方向图表示。(方位角，俯仰角方位角，俯仰角)max( , )( , )( , )EfE Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论66Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论67Con1-2 Con1-2 雷
42、达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论68Con1-2 Con1-2 雷达探测目标的原理雷达探测目标的原理电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-3 Con1-3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成69电子信息与自动化学院绪论70Con1-3 Con1-3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成电子信息与自动化学院绪论71Con1-3 Con1-3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成电子信息与自动化学院绪论72Con1-3 Con1-3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成电子信息与自动化学院绪论73Con1-3 Con1-3 雷达基本组成雷达基本组成电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程假设：
43、1，天线各向同性且均匀辐射（spherical spreading）2，接收发射采用同一部天线P 发射机功率G 天线增益R 探测距离 目标截面积74电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程Ae天线有效接收面积Smin最小检测信号功率75电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程76电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程41min322max41min22max)4(4itirtSGPRSAPR22224344(4 )trtrPAPGPRR Pr：雷达接收功率：雷达接收功率Pt：雷达发射功率：雷达发射功率G：雷达
44、天线的增益：雷达天线的增益：目标的散射截面积：目标的散射截面积Ar = Ae ：接收天线的有效接收面积：接收天线的有效接收面积：所用波长：所用波长24eAAG 42AeGA 77电子信息与自动化学院绪论78Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程电子信息与自动化学院绪论79Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程-RCS-RCSRCS是一假想面积，是描述目标在一定入射功率下后向散射功率能力的量，该量以面积单位来描述。面积越大，后向散射能力越强，产生的回波功率也就越大。电子信息与自动化学院绪论80Con1-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程-RCS-RCS电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con1
45、-4 Con1-4 雷达方程雷达方程-RCS-RCS81海鸥的形体与燕八哥相近，但海鸥的雷达反射截面却比燕八哥大200倍。蜜蜂的体积小于麻雀，但它的雷达反射截面反而比麻雀大16倍。可见，体积的大小并不是决定隐蔽能力的唯一因素，体形才是决定隐身的关键。普通飞机无论何种姿态，都可以产生雷达回波，隐形飞机的则会长时间无回波，偶尔产生强烈回波（即亮点）电子信息与自动化学院绪论Questions ?Questions ?821 What is radar?2 How does it work?3 What is it used for in ATC system?4 Which university a
46、nd which specialty?5 When and where radar was born?6 Who set up radar network along its coast?电子信息与自动化学院绪论Airborne Weather Radar(WXR)Airborne Weather Radar(WXR) Con2: Introduction to WXR Con2: Introduction to WXR电子信息与自动化学院绪论Outlines For Con21 Aviation weather 1 Aviation weather 2 Introduction2 Intro
47、duction purpose purpose descriptiondescription displaydisplay3 Operating Modes3 Operating Modes Weather Weather Map Map Turbulence Turbulence Predictive Predictive windshearwindshear4 Structure and Location 4 Structure and Location 5 Latest Evolutions5 Latest Evolutions84电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con2-1 Con2-1 Av
48、iation weather An airborne radars pulse energy is optimized to detect water. The radiated radar energy reflects best when the bipolar (positive and negative) water molecules are able to align. When water freezes, the water molecules are locked into an ice crystal lattice and are unable to align to r
49、eflect radar energy efficiently. (example: microwave)Water (rain) is an excellent radar reflector.Dry snow and ice crystals are very poor reflectors of radar energy. Wet hail provides the strongest reflection of radar energy. Dry hail reflects some radar energy simply due to its size. Reflectivity c
50、haracteristics 85电子信息与自动化学院绪论Con2-1 Con2-1 Aviation weather A thunderstorm is composed of three parts：The bottom portion of the storm, below the freezing level, is composed entirely of liquid precipitation (i.e., rain) and is the most reflective portion of the storm.The middle portion of a thunderst
