1、 动词动词 （1） 动词分类 实义动词（行为动词） 助动词 情态动词 系动词 静态动词 短语动词 1. 实义动词（行为动词） 用来表示动词 分及物动词与不及物动词（是否能直接加宾语） 不及物动词高频：come explode laugh sit rise excel respond run cough swim emigrate smile act cry immigrate lie arrive continue go 2.助动词（协助主要动词构成谓语的词）和情态动词 （无词意）小三 Be 动词 a构成进行时和被动语态 bBe 动词作系动词，引表语/表语从句 Have a构成完成时/完成进行
2、时 b实义动词：have 有意义等同 eat/drink Do a构成疑问句/否定句/强调句 b实义动词：做 3.情态动词 +动词原形 （有词意）妾 can/could may/might must should/shall/ought to would/will 4.静态动词 表思想 Believe，doubt，know，understand 表拥有 Have，own，want，contain 表感觉 Hear，see，smell 表情感 Love，hate，want，need 5.动词短语 构成：动词+介词或动词+副词（通常与原动词含义不同） （二）动词的形式 1.动词原形 2.第三人称单
3、数 一般现在时中 主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式 A直接动词词尾加 s B以字母 s,x,ch,sh 或 o 结尾的动词加 es C辅音加 y，变 y 为 i 加 es D不规则变化 3.动名词与现在分词 直接词尾加 ing 词尾去掉 e，去掉 e 加 ing ie 结尾的，变 ie 为 y 加 ing 辅音+元音+辅音，双写词尾加 ing 4.动词过去式与过去分词 A规则动词的过去式加 ed B以 e 结尾的动词词尾直接加 d C不规则变化 5.动词时态 5.1 一般现在时 形式：肯定形式：第三人称单数用三单，其他用动词原形 否定形式：主语+do/does not+谓语动词
4、原形 疑问形式：疑问词+do/does+主语+谓语动词原形 用法：现在时段发生的动作：I feel great！ 习惯性动作/常发生的动作 表示客观真理 用于电影，赛事，时间的评论，独白，报道等 谈论时间表，日程表 eg：The train leaves at half past four. 一般现在时表将来 当主句为将来时或表将来意义时， 时间和条件的状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。（主讲从现） 5.2 一般过去式 形式：肯定形式：主语+动词过去式 否定形式：主语+did not+谓语动词原形 疑问形式：疑问词+did+主语+动词原形 用法：表过去发生的动作 5.3 一般将来时 形式：肯定形
5、式：主语+will/be going to/be to/be about to+原形 否定形式：主语+will not(wont)+谓语动词原形 疑问形式：疑问词+will+主语+动词原形 用来：表还没发生，未来将要发生的行为，动作，事件 5.4 现在进行时 形式：肯定形式：主语+be+动词 ing 否定形式：主语+be 动+not+动词 ing 疑问形式：疑问词+be 动词+主语+动词 ing 用法：说话的时刻正在发生的动作 常与 always，constantly,continually,forever,repeatedly，never 等词连用含有抱怨语 气。表总是。 表将来，多用于已经
6、安排好的事情。 I am leaving。 be going to 计划，安排的动作 确定将会发生的事情 注意：有些动词不能用于现在进行时 a.情感类：love，hate，prefer b.所属类：have，own，want，belong c.感官类：see，hear，smell，seem d.思想类：know，believe，remember e.测量类：contain，consist，fit 5.5 现在完成时 形式：肯定形式：主语+have/has+过去分词 否定形式：主语+havent（have not）/hasnt（hasnot）+过去分词 疑问形式：疑问词+have/has+过去分
7、词 用法：表过去完成的动作 这个动作对现在造成影响或现在有关 常与 still，yet，already，always 连用 讨论个人的经历 过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在 甚至有可能继续延续下去 常与 before，since，for，already，many times，so far，yet 连用 5.6 过去完成时 形式：肯定形式：主语+had+过去分词 否定形式：主语+hadnt（had not）+过去分词 疑问形式：疑问词+had+主语+过去分词 用法：表过去的某个动作之前发生的动作。 She said she had written three letters the day be
8、fore. I didnt say anything until she had finished talking. 与 after，as soon as，the moment that，until 与 before，when，by the time 连用 6.被动语态 定义：主语是动作的执行者（即某人做某事） ，叫主动语态。 主语是动作的承受着（即某事被做）叫被动语态。 步骤：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语 将主动语态的谓语动词改为be done 将主动语态的主词改为介词 by 之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略） 非谓语动词非谓语动词 不充当谓语的动词 1.动名词 形式：动名词与
9、现在分词同型(v-ing） 起到名词的作用 作用：作主语 谓语动词为单数 Eg：Reading helps you learn English. 作宾语 有的动词直接加动名词作其宾语；有的加介词后动名词作其宾语 Eg：He quit smokin a year ago. I look forward to helping you panit the house. It+形容词+动名词 Eg：It is no use telling him not to worry. 此类形容词还包括：better、wonderful、enjoyable、interesting、foolish、difficul
10、t、 useless、 senseless、worthwhile 作表语：对主语进一步说明，相当于一个名词。 Eg:My job is teaching. Seeing is believing. 作定语：表示用途或性质 Eg:a swimming pool=a pool for swimming a moving truck=a truck for moving. 以下动词及句型后常跟动名词作宾语 Be used to/get used to Cant help/give up Cant stand/go on End up/have difficulty Feel like/have pr
11、oblems Finish/have trouble 2.分词 形式：现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing 过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed （1）现在分词 1）一般式：表示的动作与主语动作同时发生 Eg：Tom came sauntering up the path.Reaching for the flower,I lost my balance. Not being able to win the game,I lost my confidence. 2）完成式：表示该动作发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成 Eg：Having heard the news,he quickly
12、sold his brothers record collection. Having rested for a while,we continued our journry. Not having finished his work,he could not leave the office. 作用：作定语：作前置/后置定语；相当于定语从句 Eg：The man carring the bricks(=who is carring the bricks)is my father. There is someone knocking at the door.(someone who is kn
13、ocking) 作表语：相当于一个形容词，表示主语的特征 Eg:The news is encouraging. The present situation is terrifying. My job is really tiring.I dont get home until 10p.m. sometimes. 作状语：表谓语动词发生的时间、方式、伴随、让步等，相当于状语从句；逻辑主语就是 句子的主语。 Eg： 原因状语He was talking to her friend and forgot everything around her.=Talking to her friend sh
14、e forgot everything around her. Since we watch the news every day we know whats going on in the world.=Watching the news every day we know whats going on in the world. 伴随状语The dog wagged its tail and bit the postman.=Wagging its tail the dog bit the postman. The man was sitting in the caf.He was rea
15、ding a paper.=The man was sitting in the caf reading a paper. 时间状语While she was tidying up her room she found some old photos.=Tidying up her room she found some old photos. 条件状语If they do not have enough money they will spend their holidays at home last year.=Not having enough money they will spend
16、 their holidays at home next year. 结果状语Carbon burns in oxygen or air,thereby forms carbon dioxide=Carbon burns in oxygen or air,thereby forming carbon dioxide. （2）过去分词 作用：1）作表语：表示谓语动词所处的状态。 Eg：I was alarmed by the loud bang. He was amused to hear his little son singing in the bath. 2)作定语：前置/后置定语 相当于
17、一个定语从句，其逻辑主语构成被动关系。 Eg：A burnt child(=a child who is burnt)dreads fire. The musicians stood up,surrounded by thunderous applause,(=who is surrounded by thunderous applause.) 3）作状语：表示谓语动词发生的时间、方式、伴随、让步等。 相当于一个状语从句 过去分词作状语时的逻辑主语就是句子的主语 Eg：原因状语Battered by the wind.John fell to his knees.=Because he was
18、 battered by the wind,John fell to his knees. Deceived by his friends,he committed suicide.=Since he was deceived by his friends,he committed suicide. 时间状语Seen from the hill,the town looks magnificent=When it is seen from hill,the town looks magnificent. 条件状语Given another chance,I will do better. 让步
19、状语Exhausted by the working,they went on studying at night. （3）动词不定式 形式：肯定式：to+ 否定式：not to+动词原形 作用：1）作主语 Eg：To learn is very important. To drive in the right is not allowed here. To go to college is a good idea. 注意：不定式作主语时，可置句首。 如果过长，可采用 it 作形式主语，不定式后置的结构。 重点句式：1.It is/was+adj./n.+to do（做什么。 。是。 。 ）
20、Eg:It was difficult to answer the question. Its a big house to clean. 2.It is/was+adj.+for sth./sb.+to do. It is/was+adj.+of sb.to do Eg:It is necessary for this door to be locked. It is very kind of you to help me. 2）作表语 Eg：The most important thing is not to give up. 3）作宾语 Eg:I want to swim in the pool. They intend to postpone the trip. A good translator is hard to find. 4）作定语 Give him an ornament to polish. I need a volunteer to take the miuntes. 5）作状语
