1、 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Myers Myers PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Chapter 4 Developing Through the Life Span. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the Newborn Developmental Psychology a branch of psycholo
2、gy that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the NewbornLife is sexually transmitted. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Devel
3、opment and the Newborn Zygote the fertilized egg enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo Embryo the developing human organism from 2 weeks through 2nd month Fetus the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾
4、胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the Newborn Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus dur
5、ing prenatal development and cause harm Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the N
6、ewborn Rooting Reflex tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek Preferences human voices and faces facelike images- smell and sound of mother preferred . 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the NewbornHabituatio
7、ndecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Prenatal Development and the NewbornHaving habituated to the old stimulus, newborns preferred gazing at a new one. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性
8、精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experienceAt birth3 months15 monthsCortical Neurons. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childh
9、ood: Physical Development Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile-and can retain that learning for a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989, 1997). 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Schemaa concept or framewo
10、rk that organizes and interprets information Assimilationinterpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Accommodationadapting ones current understandings (schemas)
11、to incorporate new information CognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Typical Age RangeDescription of StageDevelopmental PhenomenaBirth to nearly 2 yearsSensorimotorEx
12、periencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)Object permanenceStranger anxietyAbout 2 to 6 yearsAbout 7 to 11 yearsAbout 12 through adulthoodPreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoningPretend playEgocentrismLanguage developmen
13、tConcrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operationsConservation Mathematical transformationsFormal operationalAbstract reasoningAbstract logicPotential for moral reasoningPiagets Stages of Piagets Stages of Cognitive Devel
14、opmentCognitive Development. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Object Permanence the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实
15、践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Baby Mathematics Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, 1992)1. Objects placedin case.2. Screen comesup.3. Object is removed.4. Impossible outcome:Screen drops, revealing two objects.4. Possible outcome:Screen drops, revealin
16、gone object. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Conservation the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病
17、常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Egocentrism the inability of the preoperational child to take anothers point of view Theory of Mind peoples ideas about their own and others mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior the
18、se might predict Autism a disorder that appears in childhood Marked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others states of mind. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Stranger Anxiety fear of strangers that infants comm
19、only display beginning by about 8 months of age Attachment an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and displaying distress on separation. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Harlows
20、Surrogate Mother Experiments Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth when an organis
21、ms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development Imprinting the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Monkeys raised by artificia
22、l mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Groups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).0204060801003.55.57.59.5 11.5 13.
23、52029Percentage of infantswho criedwhen theirmothers leftAge in monthsDay careHome. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development Basic Trust (Erik Erikson) a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy said to be formed during infancy by appropriat
24、e experiences with responsive caregivers Self-Concept a sense of ones identity and personal worth. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development: Child-Rearing Practices Authoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience “Dont interrupt.” “Why? Because
25、 I said so.” Permissive submit to childrens desires, make few demands, use little punishment Authoritative both demanding and responsive set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Social Development: Child-Reari
26、ng Practices. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence Adolescence the transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence Puberty the period of sexual maturation when a person becomes capable of reproduction. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全
27、理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible ovaries-female testes-male external genitalia Secondary Sex Characteristics nonreproductive sexual characteristics female-breast and hips male-voice qu
28、ality and body hair Menarche (meh-NAR-key) first menstrual period. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence In the 1890s the average interval between a womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is over 12 years10207.2 Year Interval102012.5 Year I
29、ntervalAgeAge1890, Women1995, Women. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.Height in centimeters19017015013011090
30、70500246810 1214 16 18Age in yearsBoysGirls. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Body Changes at Puberty. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Kohlbergs Moral Ladder As moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from th
31、e self to the wider social world.Morality of abstractprinciples: to affirmagreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principlesMorality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoiddisapprovalMorality of self-interest:to avoid punishmentor gain concrete rewardsPostconventionallevelConventional levelP
32、reconventional level. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentApproximateageStage Description of TaskInfancyTrust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.ToddlerAutonomy vs. sh
33、ame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year)and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.PreschoolerInitiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.ElementaryCompetence vs. Childr
34、en learn the pleasure of applying(6 years-inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentApproximateage StageDescription of TaskAdolescence Identity vs. roleTeenagers wo
35、rk at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusiontesting roles and then integrating them to 20s)form a single identity, or they becomeconfused about who they are.Young Adult Intimacy vs.Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for inti
36、mate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated.Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through familyand work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.Late Adult Integrity vs.When reflecting on his or her life, the olde
37、r(late 60s and despairadult may feel a sense of satisfaction orup) failure. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence: Social Development Identity ones sense of self the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles I
38、ntimacy the ability to form close, loving relationships a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adolescence: Social Development The changing parent-child relationship100% 80 60 40 20 0 2 to 4 5 to 8 9
39、 to 11 Ages of child in yearsPercent withpositive, warminteractionwith parents. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Physical Development Menopause the time of natural cessation of menstruation also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as h
40、er ability to reproduce declines Alzheimers Disease a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Physical Deve
41、lopment The Aging Senses103050709000.250.500.751.00Proportion of normal (20/20) vision when identifying letters on an eye chartAge in years. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Physical Development The Aging Senses1030507090507090Percent correct whenIdent
42、ifying smellsAge in years. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Physical Development The Aging Senses1030507090507090Percent correct whenidentifying spokenwordsAge in years. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: P
43、hysical Development Slowing reactions contribute to increased accident risks among those 75 and older.1210864201620 25 30 35 40 4550 55 60 65 70 75 andoverFatal accident rateAgeFatal accidentsper 10,000 driversFatal accidentsper 100 million miles. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫
44、康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Physical Development Incidence of Dementia by AgeRisk of dementiaincreases in lateryears 60-64 70-74 80-84 90-95 65-69 75-79 85-89 Age Group40% 30 20 10 0Percentagewith dementia. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Cognitive D
45、evelopment Recalling new names introduced once, twice, or three times is easier for younger adults than for older ones (Crook & West, 1990).1840506070Age groupPercentof namesrecalled 0102030405060708090100After oneintroductionsAfter twointroductionsOlder age groups have poorer performanceAfter three
46、 introductions. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Cognitive Development In a study by Schonfield & Robertson (1966), the ability to recall new information declined during early and middle adulthood, but the ability to recognize new information did not.N
47、umberOf wordsremembered20304050607004812162024Age in yearsNumber of wordsrecalled declineswith ageNumber of wordsrecognized is stable with age. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Cognitive Development Cross-Sectional Study a study in which people of diff
48、erent ages are compared with one another Longitudinal Study a study in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period25 32 39 46 53 60746781354045505560Age in yearsReasoningabilityscoreCross-sectional methodLongitudinal methodCross-sectional methodsuggests declineLongitudinal me
49、thodsuggests more stability. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood- Cognitive Development Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age, while nonverbal intelligence scores decline (adapted from Kaufman & others, 1989).203555702545657580859095100105Intelli
50、gence(IQ) scoreAge groupNonverbal scoresdecline with ageVerbal scores arestable with ageVerbal scoresNonverbal scores. 胆道疾病病人护理化工企业本质安全理论实践及方法内科护理学呼吸系统总论概论脾胃病常见症状及治疗经验偏瘫截瘫康复训练手册偏执性精神障碍品管圈实践Adulthood: Cognitive Development Crystallized Intelligence ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills tends t
