1、 图表类作文图表题的五种类型图表题的五种类型tableline graphbar chartpie chartprocess diagram表格题表格题线图线图柱状图柱状图饼状图饼状图流程图流程图Note:图表题和议论文最根本的差异就是图表图表题和议论文最根本的差异就是图表题是客观性写作而议论文是主观性写作。题是客观性写作而议论文是主观性写作。常用动词词汇：常用动词词汇：上升：increase， rise ，grow, soar,shoot upe.g: the number of population increased/ ascended/ mounted to(by)下降： decrea
2、se ，fall ，drop ，descend ，decline ，reduce ，plungee.g: the number of population decreased /declined to(by)平 稳 ： r e m a i n s t a b l e ， s t e a d y ，gradual,stay/remain/maintain/keep/be the same e.g: the number of population mounted and leveled off at 7 million the number of population stayed stable
3、 at 5 million波动：fluctuate ，rise and falls up and down e.g:the number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 million最高点：reach the peak, reach the highest point, reach the zenithe.g: the number of population reached the peak at 8 million最低点：reach the bottome.g: After decreasing, the number of popul
4、ation bottomed out at 4 million.占据：occupy， take up ，account for表复苏：recover, bounce backe.g:the number of population recovered from 2 million常用形容词和副词变化程度常用形容词和副词变化程度abrupt(ly),sudden(ly),dramatic(ally),drastic(ally),sharp(ly)quick(ly),rapid(ly),marked(ly),significant(ly)considerable(considerably),sub
5、stantial(ly),moderate(ly)gradual(ly),slight(ly),enormous(ly), vast(ly)图表时间的表达：图表时间的表达：1.in + 月月/年年2.between and3. from to4. over the period fromto5. in the year between and6.in the 3 years spanning from 2001 through 20047.for the first 3 months8.for/during/over the next/ following 6 months9.for/duri
6、ng/over/in the of 4 months10.for/during/over/in a 4-month period11.over/for/during the same period12.from then on/ from this time/ point onwards/since then13.by the year of14. after/before+年年/月月一、如何描述数据的上升或下降一般来说，有两种句式表达数据的上升或下降。 描述对象+表示增长或减少的动词+程度副词+数据+时间点 There was a + 表示程度的形容词+表示增长或减少的名词+数据+时间点Ex
7、ample: The birth rate in China increased steadily from about 10 percent in 1920 to just over 15 percent in 1935, followed by a sharp decline to nearly 5 percent in 1940. a. There was a steady increase in the birth rate in China from about 10 percent in 1920 to just over 15 percent in 1935,followed b
8、y a sharp decline to nearly 5 percent in 1940.句子演练：句子演练：1.根据图表中的数据，教师的人数从根据图表中的数据，教师的人数从1960年的年的500万急剧下滑到万急剧下滑到1962年年300万。万。a. According to the figure, there was a sharp decrease in the number of teachers from five million in 1960 to three million in 1962. b. According to the figure, the number of t
9、eachers decreased dramatically from five million in 1960 to (no more than) three million in 1962.2. 1979年之后，牛肉和羊肉的消费状况分别急剧下降到大约年之后，牛肉和羊肉的消费状况分别急剧下降到大约100和和55斤。斤。a. After 1979,the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 and 55 grams respectively. b. After 1979, there was a
10、 dramatic decline in the consumption of beef and lamb to approximately 100 and 55 grams respectively.二、如何描述数据变化的总体趋势a. 描述对象+shoed a/an upward/downward trend +from+具体数据+时间点+to+具体数据+时间点b.描述对象+experienced a fall/rise + between +具体数据+时间点+and+具体数据+时间点Example: As can be seen from the line graph, the consu
11、mption of hamburgers showed an upward trend from about 90 grams in 1970 to nearly 550 grams in 1990. By comparison, the consumption of fish and chips experienced a steady fall between just over 300 grams in the 1970 and 200 grams in 1985, followed by a slight increase to approximately 230 grams in 1
12、990.句子演练：1.离婚的数量呈下降的趋势，从1990年的140万下降到2000年的100万。a. The number of divorces experienced a downward trend from 1.4 millions in 1990 to 1 million in 2000.b. The number of divorces experienced a fall between 1.4 millions in 1990 and 1 million in 2000.三、如何排序 表示总量第一或占比例第一+at +具体的数据+followed by 排名第二的对象+表示占比
13、例的词或词组+具体数据 表示总量第一或占比例第一+at+具体数据, while 排名第二的对象+表示占比例的词或词组+具体数据Example: It is clear from the pie chart that individuals should take the largest proportion of the costs of each course, at 40%, followed by the employers, accounting for 35 %. Besides, the taxpayers constituted 25%.a. However, peoples p
14、reference in 1995 changed a lot. It is surprising that 27% of them started to play computer games, while 11% stopped talking with their family.描述排序会用到的词或词组表示排名第一的方式：Be on the top of the listTake the first placeRank the first表示占据比例的词：Account for, constitute, take up表示比例的词：Percentage, proportion, shar
15、e四、如何表示比例 . was 20 % of . was one fifth of. was 20 % as many/ much as increased/ fell byExample: The electricity produced from hydropower in Norway was 108.7 billion kw/h, which was almost 99% of the total in this country.1. However, in 2000, the proportion of marriage fell by approximately 11%, whi
16、le that of those who were never married rose by nearly 5 %. 五、如何表示对比五、如何表示对比By contrast, / By comparisonCompared with sth,. whileA similar pattern was repeated forA sharp contrast was illustrated inOn the contrary,Contrary to.句子演练：1.从图表中可见，受到雇佣者支持的26岁以下的人所占比例最大，大约为60%，而那些26至29岁的人居第二位，所占比例大约为50%。As c
17、an be seen from chart, people under 26 received the largest proportion of support from the employers, at more than 60 %, while those who were 26 to 29 took the second place, at over 50%.2.与披萨饼的消费情况相比，低收入人群似乎更喜欢汉堡包。Compared with the consumption of pizza, people in low-income group seemed to enjoy mor
18、e hamburgers.开头段：写开头段：写12句句改写原题改写原题增加单词、删除单词和替换单词增加单词、删除单词和替换单词 The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. 替换单词替换单词 showde
19、scribe/ illustrate/ demonstrate/ summarise/ outline/ indicateproportionpercentagecategorieskinds/ typesfamilieshouseholdsfamilies living in povertypoor families首段翻译练习：首段翻译练习： 图表中显示了1992年从十月到十二月在英国年龄在4岁以上的电视观众的比例。The graph shows (relates) the percentage of television audiences over 4 years old in the
20、 UK over the period from October to December in 1992. 2. 图中数据表明了在2002年5个不同国家全国消费者开支的比例。The figures provide information about the proportions of national consumer expenditure in five different countries in 2002. 3. 图表中显示了随机抽取的五个国家在1982年的生活水平。The table presents the standard of living in five selected
21、countries in the year 1982.4. 图表中显示了从1900至2000年世界范围内的用水总是的变化。The graph describes the change in the amount of water used worldwide from 1900 to 2000.5. 以上两个表格通过对比高学历与低学历对失业机率的影响的差异，表明了教育背景对于就业的重要性。The two tables indicate the essentiality of educational background to employment by comparing the distan
22、ce on incidence of unemployment between the highly educated and the men with low education. 图表引入数据with 引导数据 Saturn is the second largest planet after Jupiter, with a diameter nearly ten times that of Earth. China is the worlds most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. 实战演练：拥
23、有博士学位的人工资最高，但只占调查总人数的2.5%。People/Employee in Doctor degree are highest-paid, with a percentage on 2.5 of the total. 分词作状语1.The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, exceeding/ overtaking/ outnumbering that of lamb in 1980.2.Young populations had a high-than-average smoking rate, followed by
24、 the mid-aged.实战演练：拥有博士学位的人工资最高，但只占调查总人数的2.5%。People in Doctor degree are highest-paid, accounting for 2.5 % of the total.括号的使用括号的使用With regard to government spending on education, there was a sharp reduction during the fied year-long period (223 million in 1989 versus 110 million in 1994).1. Couple
25、s generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children (7%) than those with children (12%).主体段： Several reasons, in my opinions, can be identified to account for this phenomenon. The reasons for this trend may involve Obviously, there are a number of reasons can
26、be identified to explain this trend. As far as I am concerned, the fundamental reason for this trend is that It is evident that the causes of the present phenomenon are.Several reasons, in my opinion, can be identified to account for this phenomenon. To begin with, compared with those with comparati
27、vely lower education degree, people who have received higher education possess considerably wider knowledge, more remarkable learning and research ability, greater innovation and most of all, resourceful social network, all of which are essential to a high-income work. Also, the higher ones educatio
28、n degree is the bigger platform he will have to show his ability. For example, his college, university, or research institute will organize various job fairs for them to communicate face to face with employers.Peoples opinions about investment in education differ from person to person. Some people s
29、ay that knowledge could no longer change destiny. To them, it is not only a waste of money, but also a waste of time. Others deem that education is worthy of investment. As for me it is no doubt that education offers favorable working opportunity and handsome income, which enable us to buy what we w
30、ant ,please what we love, and fulfill what we dream, and correspondingly we are able to build an ideal paradise where life can be enjoyed to the uttermost.Ample reasons can account for the issue of Education Pays，the following one might be the most critical .For the majority of young people, they ha
31、ve been always considering the education as a bothering thing to do or not a opportunity that can add color to the dull routine of every day life.So, they want to get a job as early as possible. But, as matter of fact, as the picture described, the people who have learned more earn more than others.
32、 And, in the picture, the ones who have the doctoral degree earn more XXXX than the ones who have only a degree as bachelor.写作常用同义词替换写作常用同义词替换动词动词解决：解决： resolve, combat, tackle破坏：破坏：undermine, jeopardize, devastate 增进：增进： improve enhance保护：保护： protectpreserve认为认为：think, believe, hold, deem, maintain
33、, argue, assert, declare, advocate, claim, be convinced that, insist, contend, state买：买： buy purchase培养培养：cultivate, foster, nurture, boost, shape, form,develop忽略：忽略：neglect, ignoreoverlook改变改变：changealter, transform丰富，扩大丰富，扩大 enrich, expand, broaden, widen, deepen引起，导致引起，导致 cause, trigger, give ris
34、e to, bring about, result in, lead to, contribute to 恶化恶化 worsen, deteriorate, aggravate 不同意不同意 state the objection to, disapprove, vote against, be against关注，首要任务关注，首要任务 pay attention to, give priority to, attach importance to, put in the first place, place stress in, give weight to充满充满 be filled w
35、ith, be teemed with, be replete with基于基于 based on, derived from名词名词人类人类优点，好处优点，好处缺点，坏处缺点，坏处在当代在当代观点观点名声，名誉名声，名誉老人老人城市居民城市居民年轻人年轻人工作，职业工作，职业污染污染the human race, humanity, man humankind, human beings, mankindbenefits, pros-cons, advantages, boons, merit, positive aspect, favorable aspect banes, disadva
36、ntages, demerit, weakness, drawback, con, negative aspect, unfavorable aspect, banein contemporary society, in present-day society, in this day and age, at present, currently, nowadays, recently, these yearsopinion= perspective, standpoint, viewfame= prestige, reputation, eminencethe old, the elderl
37、y, the retired, senior citizen, old peoplecity residents, urban dwellers, local inhabitantsthe young, young people, youngster, youths, adolescentsemployment, profession, occupationpollution, contamination形容词：形容词：有害的有害的 harmful, detrimental, pernicious, adverse, baneful有好处的有好处的 conductive, beneficial
38、, helpful, advantageous, profitable, rewarding丰富的丰富的 abundant, ample, plentiful普遍的，随处可见的普遍的，随处可见的 common, universal, ubiquitous, prevalent贫穷的贫穷的 impoverished富裕的富裕的 affluent, wealthy, prosperous, 重要的重要的 crucial, critical, vital, essential, primary, fundamental, radical吸引人的吸引人的 appealing, attractive,
39、absorbing不可思议的不可思议的 unbelievable, inconceivable, incredible著名的著名的 famous, distinguished, eminent贪婪的贪婪的 greedy, rapacious, voracious 历史岳麓版第13课交通与通讯的变化资料精品课件欢迎使用自读教材自读教材填要点填要点 一、铁路，更多的铁路一、铁路，更多的铁路 1地位地位 铁路是铁路是 建设的重点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济建设的重点，便于国计民生，成为国民经济发展的动脉。发展的动脉。 2出现出现 1881年，中国自建的第一条铁路年，中国自建的第一条铁路唐山唐山 至胥
40、各庄铁至胥各庄铁路建成通车。路建成通车。 1888年，年，宫廷宫廷专用铁路落成。专用铁路落成。交通运输交通运输开平开平 3发展发展 (1)原因：原因： 甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在华铁路的甲午战争以后列强激烈争夺在华铁路的 。 修路成为中国人修路成为中国人 的强烈愿望。的强烈愿望。 (2)成果：成果：1909年年 建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑建成通车；民国以后，各条商路修筑权收归国有。权收归国有。 4制约因素制约因素 政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路建设始终未入政潮迭起，军阀混战，社会经济凋敝，铁路建设始终未入正轨。正轨。修筑权修筑权救亡图存救亡图存京张铁路京张铁路 二、水运与航空二、
41、水运与航空 1水运水运 (1)1872年年, 正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。正式成立，标志着中国新式航运业的诞生。 (2)1900年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是年前后，民间兴办的各种轮船航运公司近百家，几乎都是在列强排挤中艰难求生。在列强排挤中艰难求生。 2航空航空 (1)起步：起步：1918年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始年，附设在福建马尾造船厂的海军飞机工程处开始研制研制 。 (2)发展：发展：1918年，北洋政府在交通部下设年，北洋政府在交通部下设“ ”；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。；此后十年间，航空事业获得较快发展。轮船招商局轮船招商局水上
42、飞机水上飞机筹办航空事宜筹办航空事宜处处 三、从驿传到邮政三、从驿传到邮政 1邮政邮政 (1)初办邮政：初办邮政： 1896年成立年成立“大清邮政局大清邮政局”，此后又设，此后又设 ，邮传正式脱离海关。邮传正式脱离海关。 (2)进一步发展：进一步发展：1913年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；年，北洋政府宣布裁撤全部驿站；1920年，中国首次参加年，中国首次参加 。邮传部邮传部万国邮联大会万国邮联大会 2电讯电讯 (1)开端：开端：1877年，福建巡抚在年，福建巡抚在 架设第一条电报线，成为中国自架设第一条电报线，成为中国自办电报的开端。办电报的开端。 (2)特点：进程曲折，发展缓慢，直到特点：进
43、程曲折，发展缓慢，直到20世纪世纪30年代情况才发生变年代情况才发生变化。化。 3交通通讯变化的影响交通通讯变化的影响 (1)新式交通促进了经济发展，改变了人们的通讯手段和新式交通促进了经济发展，改变了人们的通讯手段和 ， 转变了人们的思想观念。转变了人们的思想观念。 (2)交通近代化使中国同世界的联系大大增强，使异地传输更为便交通近代化使中国同世界的联系大大增强，使异地传输更为便捷。捷。 (3)促进了中国的经济与社会发展，也使人们的生活促进了中国的经济与社会发展，也使人们的生活 。台湾台湾出行出行方式方式多姿多彩多姿多彩合作探究合作探究提认知提认知 电视剧电视剧闯关东闯关东讲述了济南章丘朱家
44、峪人朱开山一家，讲述了济南章丘朱家峪人朱开山一家，从清末到九一八事变爆发闯关东的前尘往事。下图是朱开山从清末到九一八事变爆发闯关东的前尘往事。下图是朱开山一家从山东辗转逃亡到东北途中可能用到的四种交通工具。一家从山东辗转逃亡到东北途中可能用到的四种交通工具。 依据材料概括晚清中国交通方式的特点，并分析其成因。依据材料概括晚清中国交通方式的特点，并分析其成因。 提示：提示：特点：新旧交通工具并存特点：新旧交通工具并存(或：传统的帆船、独轮车，或：传统的帆船、独轮车， 近代的小火轮、火车同时使用近代的小火轮、火车同时使用)。 原因：近代西方列强的侵略加剧了中国的贫困，阻碍社会发原因：近代西方列强的
45、侵略加剧了中国的贫困，阻碍社会发展；西方工业文明的冲击与示范；中国民族工业的兴起与发展；展；西方工业文明的冲击与示范；中国民族工业的兴起与发展；政府及各阶层人士的提倡与推动。政府及各阶层人士的提倡与推动。串点成面串点成面握全局握全局 一、近代交通业发展的原因、特点及影响一、近代交通业发展的原因、特点及影响 1原因原因 (1)先进的中国人为救国救民，积极兴办近代交通业，促先进的中国人为救国救民，积极兴办近代交通业，促进中国社会发展。进中国社会发展。 (2)列强侵华的需要。为扩大在华利益，加强控制、镇压列强侵华的需要。为扩大在华利益，加强控制、镇压中国人民的反抗，控制和操纵中国交通建设。中国人民的
46、反抗，控制和操纵中国交通建设。 (3)工业革命的成果传入中国，为近代交通业的发展提供工业革命的成果传入中国，为近代交通业的发展提供了物质条件。了物质条件。 2特点特点 (1)近代中国交通业逐渐开始近代化的进程，铁路、水运和近代中国交通业逐渐开始近代化的进程，铁路、水运和航空都获得了一定程度的发展。航空都获得了一定程度的发展。 (2)近代中国交通业受到西方列强的控制和操纵。近代中国交通业受到西方列强的控制和操纵。 (3)地域之间的发展不平衡。地域之间的发展不平衡。 3影响影响 (1)积极影响：促进了经济发展，改变了人们的出行方式，积极影响：促进了经济发展，改变了人们的出行方式，一定程度上转变了人
47、们的思想观念；加强了中国与世界各地的一定程度上转变了人们的思想观念；加强了中国与世界各地的联系，丰富了人们的生活。联系，丰富了人们的生活。 (2)消极影响：有利于西方列强的政治侵略和经济掠夺。消极影响：有利于西方列强的政治侵略和经济掠夺。1李鸿章李鸿章1872年在上海创办轮船招商局，年在上海创办轮船招商局，“前前10年盈和，成年盈和，成为长江上重要商局，招商局和英商太古、怡和三家呈鼎立为长江上重要商局，招商局和英商太古、怡和三家呈鼎立之势之势”。这说明该企业的创办。这说明该企业的创办()A打破了外商对中国航运业的垄断打破了外商对中国航运业的垄断B阻止了外国对中国的经济侵略阻止了外国对中国的经济
48、侵略C标志着中国近代化的起步标志着中国近代化的起步D使李鸿章转变为民族资本家使李鸿章转变为民族资本家解析：解析：李鸿章是地主阶级的代表，并未转化为民族资本家；李鸿章是地主阶级的代表，并未转化为民族资本家；洋务运动标志着中国近代化的开端，但不是具体以某个企业洋务运动标志着中国近代化的开端，但不是具体以某个企业的创办为标志；洋务运动中民用企业的创办在一定程度上抵的创办为标志；洋务运动中民用企业的创办在一定程度上抵制了列强的经济侵略，但是并未能阻止其侵略。故制了列强的经济侵略，但是并未能阻止其侵略。故B、C、D三项表述都有错误。三项表述都有错误。答案：答案：A 二、近代以来交通、通讯工具的进步对人们
49、社会生活的影二、近代以来交通、通讯工具的进步对人们社会生活的影响响 (1)交通工具和交通事业的发展，不仅推动各地经济文化交交通工具和交通事业的发展，不仅推动各地经济文化交流和发展，而且也促进信息的传播，开阔人们的视野，加快流和发展，而且也促进信息的传播，开阔人们的视野，加快生活的节奏，对人们的社会生活产生了深刻影响。生活的节奏，对人们的社会生活产生了深刻影响。 (2)通讯工具的变迁和电讯事业的发展，使信息的传递变得通讯工具的变迁和电讯事业的发展，使信息的传递变得快捷简便，深刻地改变着人们的思想观念，影响着人们的社快捷简便，深刻地改变着人们的思想观念，影响着人们的社会生活。会生活。2清朝黄遵宪曾
50、作诗曰：清朝黄遵宪曾作诗曰：“钟声一及时，顷刻不少留。虽钟声一及时，顷刻不少留。虽有万钧柁，动如绕指柔。有万钧柁，动如绕指柔。”这是在描写这是在描写 ()A电话电话 B汽车汽车C电报电报 D火车火车解析：解析：从从“万钧柁万钧柁”“动如绕指柔动如绕指柔”可推断为火车。可推断为火车。答案：答案：D典题例析典题例析 例例1上海世博会曾吸引了大批海内外人士利用各种上海世博会曾吸引了大批海内外人士利用各种交通工具前往参观。然而在交通工具前往参观。然而在19世纪七十年代，江苏沿江世纪七十年代，江苏沿江居民到上海，最有可能乘坐的交通工具是居民到上海，最有可能乘坐的交通工具是 () A江南制造总局的汽车江南
