1、Grammar (A)The Past Perfect TenseThe present perfect tense（现在完成时）（现在完成时）Have / has + the past participleI have received a letter from Lily recently.Has he handed in her homework yet?He has just gone to Beijing.They have never been to the USA.We have lived here for ten years.过去完成时使用要点：过去完成时使用要点：1两个动作
2、都发生在过去。两个动作都发生在过去。2一个先发生，一个后发生。先发生的动作用过去完成，一个先发生，一个后发生。先发生的动作用过去完成，后发生的动作用一般过去。后发生的动作用一般过去。 Audrey had put all her effort into ballet training before she entered the film industry. Audrey had been a model before she became a Hollywood superstar. Audrey had won an Oscar for Best Actress already when
3、she won the Tony Awards. former action later action later action former action former action later action Which happened first?1. Millie ran back to school. Millie left her magazine in the classroom. 2. Simon left school late.The football game started late.3. Daniel arrived out of breath. Daniel wen
4、t to the wrong cinema. becausebecausebecauseMillie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom. Simon left school late because the football game had started late. Daniel arrived out of breath because he had gone to the wrong cinema. Which happened first?1. Millie ran back t
5、o school. Millie left her magazine in the classroom. 2. Simon left school late.The football game started late.3. Daniel arrived out of breath. Daniel went to the wrong cinema. becausebecausebecauseMillie ran back to school because she had left her magazine in the classroom. Simon left school late be
6、cause the football game had started late. Daniel arrived out of breath because he had gone to the wrong cinema. 4. Amy lost her purse.Amy went to the police station.5. The program was on for half an hour.I got home.6. She learnt many English words.She came to our school. afterwhenbeforeAmy went to t
7、he police station after she had lost her purse.The program had been on for half an hour when I got home. She had learnt many English words before she came to our school. Something in Greens family yesterdayMr. Green got up at 6:30 a.m. Mrs. Green got ready for the breakfast before 6:30 a.m.Mrs. Gree
8、n had got ready for the breakfast when Mr. Green got up at 6:30 a.m. Something in Greens family yesterdayJim finished his homework at 7:00p.m.Mr. Green drove back home at 7:30 p.m.Jim had finished his homework when his father drove back last night.Something in Greens family yesterdaySara finished he
9、r computer work at 12:00 p.m.Jim went to sleep at 10:00 p.m.Jim had gone to sleep when Sara finished her computer work.past perfect tense（过去完成时）（过去完成时）由由had +过去分词过去分词构成构成 表示过去的过去生的动作表示过去的过去生的动作 构成方式构成方式:肯定句肯定句: had+动词的过去分词动词的过去分词 否定句否定句: had not+ 过去分词过去分词一般疑问句一般疑问句:had+ 主语主语+ 过去分词过去分词肯定回答肯定回答: Yes,
10、主语主语+ had. 否定回答否定回答: No, 主语主语+ hadnt.基本用法基本用法:1. 1. 过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之过去完成时表示在过去某时或某个动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验前发生的动作或存在的状态或表示经历或经验. .(1) 我说自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰我说自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰 而生气而生气.辨别：辨别：自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰而生气自从你搬到这儿以来妈妈一直为你的懒惰而生气.I said mother had been angry about your laziness since we moved here
11、.Mother has been angry about your laziness since we moved here.The film had begun before we got to the cinema.(2) 我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.2. 2. 过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直过去完成时表示过去某一时间以前开始一直延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和延续到那个时间并可能延续下去的动作。常和byby或或since, forsince, for引导的表时间的从句或短语连用引导的表时间的从句或短语连用, ,但必须要与一个表示过去时
12、的动作相对照但必须要与一个表示过去时的动作相对照. .1) 1) 他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年。辨别：辨别：他已经在那所学校工作了三年。他已经在那所学校工作了三年。He had worked in that school for three years before he came to our school.He has worked in that school for three years我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了我到达电影院之前电影早已经开始了.The film had begun before we got to the
13、cinema.2 2） 当当MillieMillie到达电影院的时候到达电影院的时候, , 电影已经开始电影已经开始了半个小时了了半个小时了. .The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie got to the cinema.3）到到2005年，我在这工作已经五年了。年，我在这工作已经五年了。试比较：试比较：By the year 2005, I had worked here for 5years.我在这工作已经五年了。我在这工作已经五年了。I have worked here for 5 years.到目前为止，我在这
14、工作已经五年了。到目前为止，我在这工作已经五年了。By now, I have worked here for 5 years.到上学期末为止，我在这工作已经五年了。到上学期末为止，我在这工作已经五年了。By the end of last term , I had worked here for 5 years.到下学期末，我将完成学业。到下学期末，我将完成学业。By the end of next term, I will finish school.3. 3. 过去完成时表示在某一动作之前已经完过去完成时表示在某一动作之前已经完成的动作成的动作. . 过去的时间由过去的时间由before
15、, after, before, after, whenwhen引导的时间从句表示出来引导的时间从句表示出来. .1. 1. 我在你回来之前就已经把晚饭准备好了我在你回来之前就已经把晚饭准备好了. .2. 2. 当我赶到学校时当我赶到学校时, , 已经开始上课了已经开始上课了. .3. 3. 在我到家之前他已经走了在我到家之前他已经走了. .I had finished cooking dinner before you came back.The class had begun when I got to school.He had left before I got home.试比较试比较
16、：I had finished cooking dinner when you came back.1. 1. 你回来的时候，我已经把晚饭做好了你回来的时候，我已经把晚饭做好了. .辨别：辨别： 你回来的时候，我正在做晚饭你回来的时候，我正在做晚饭. .所所以没时间和你聊天。以没时间和你聊天。I was cooking dinner when you came back. So I had no time to talk with you.试比较试比较：2. 2. 在我到家之前，他已经走了。在我到家之前，他已经走了。He had left before I arrived home.He wa
17、s getting ready to leave when I arrived home.辨别：辨别：当我到家的时候，他正准备离开。当我到家的时候，他正准备离开。4.4.在在told, said, knew, heard, thoughttold, said, knew, heard, thought等等动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成动词引导的宾语从句中，一般用过去完成时。时。1. 1. 她说她从来没有去过巴黎。她说她从来没有去过巴黎。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.2. 2. 我觉得我以前见过他。我觉得我以前见过他。I thoug
18、ht that I had seen him before.3. Tom3. Tom说他借了这本书两周了。说他借了这本书两周了。Tom said he had borrowed the book for 2 weeks.kept试作比较试作比较：昨天我见到王先生了。昨天我见到王先生了。自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。过面。 I saw Mr. Wang yesterday. We had not seen each other since he left Beijing.自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。自从他离开北京我们就一直未曾见过面。 We have
19、not seen each other since he left Beijing. 5. 5. 表示意向的动词，如表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, hope, wish, expect, think, mean, supposeexpect, think, mean, suppose等，用过等，用过去完成时表示去完成时表示“原本原本，未能，未能”。 1.1.结果比我们结果比我们原来原来想象的要好。想象的要好。 The result was better than what we had expected.2. 我们我们原本原本期望你会来的，但是你没有来。期望你会来的，但是你没有来。W
20、e had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.过去完成时与现在完成时的区别过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去表示的动作发生在过去, , 但侧重对现在产生但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响的结果或造成的影响, ,与现在有关与现在有关. . 其结构是其结构是have/has+have/has+过去分词过去分词; ; 过去完成时过去完成时则是一个相对的时态则是一个相对的时态, , 它所表示它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去的动作不仅发生在过去, ,更强调更强调”过去的过去过去的过去”, ,只有和只有和过去的某时或某动作相比较
21、时过去的某时或某动作相比较时, ,才用到它才用到它. . 到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了30003000个单词个单词. .到那时我已经学会了到那时我已经学会了30003000个英语单词个英语单词. .I I have learnedhave learned 3000 English words 3000 English words so far / till so far / till now.now. I I had learnedhad learned 3000 English words 3000 English words till then.till then. 过去完
22、成时与一般过去时的区别过去完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 1. 时间状语不同时间状语不同过去完成时在时间上强调过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去过去的过去”，而一般过去时只强调过，而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间去某一特定的时间. . They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. ( (说明不到点就在车站了）说明不到点就在车站了） They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.( (说明点到车站的）说明点到车站的）2) 2) 在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语在没有明确的时间状语做标志时，谓语动
23、词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断，断，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时般过去时I had finished my homework before my mother came back.在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。在妈妈回来前，我已经把作业写完了。) 当两个或两个以上的动作用当两个或两个以上的动作用and或或but连连接时，按时间顺序接时，按时间顺序只需用一般过去时代替只需用一般过去时代替过去完成时；另外在引导的从句中由于这过去完成时；另外在引导的从句中由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后，因此也些连词
24、本身已经表示时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时可以用过去时来代替过去完成时 He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.总结：总结：1 两个动作都发生在过去，但有先后顺序。比较明显的时间词两个动作都发生在过去，但有先后顺序。比较明显的时间词是是when, before, after. 注意注意when引导的过去进行时。引导的过去进行时。2 by, till, up to引导的时间引导的时间 by the
25、end of last term, last month 过去完成时过去完成时 next term, this term 一般将来时一般将来时 by now 现在完成时现在完成时3 句子中出现句子中出现for, since引导的时间，必须有引导的时间，必须有he said, he told me, he knew等一般过去时作为参照，才能使用过去完成时。等一般过去时作为参照，才能使用过去完成时。4 语境题。要根据前后句意来判断。语境题。要根据前后句意来判断。He didnt go with me, because he had been there before.一次性动词与延续性动词的替换一
26、次性动词与延续性动词的替换begin, start (表上映表上映) = be on , begin, start to do = doend, finish = be over open = be openclose = be closed, buy = haveborrow = keep, died = be deadleave(sw) = be away (from sw)get to know = know, come,go = be join = be in, be a member of arrive, get, reach = bebecome interested in = b
27、e interested intake a walk / rest = have a walk / restreceive/ get a letter from sb , hear from = have a letter from sbMore practiceWhen I arrived there, they_(leave) already.The film_(start),when we got to the cinema.I _(read) the book before I started school.They thought that they_(try) their best
28、.The poor girl never saw her grandpa because he _ (pass away) before she was born.I _ (not realize) she wasnt Chinese until she spoke.He _ (not see) the film yesterday, because he _ (see) it already before.had lefthad startedhad readhad triedhad passed awayhadnt realized didnt seehad seen选择填空( )1.-
29、“Did you see Tom at the party?”-“No, Mary told me that he _ by the time I got there.” A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. has left( )2. He said that he _ his lunch yet. A. hadnt had B. hasnt had C. wouldnt have D. was having( )3. By the end of last year we _ each other for ten years. A. have known
30、 B. knew C. were knowing D. had known( )4. I saw Li Lei yesterday. We hadnt seen each other _ I left Beijing. A. after B. before C. since D. until cA D c( )6. I learned_ the city for a long time.A.she has been in B. she has gone to C. she had been in D. she had gone to( )7. He said that he _ a cold
31、for three days.A. has B. had caught C. had had D. has got( )8. I saw Kate with a new radio in her hand yesterday, but she told me she_the radio for ten days.A.has bought B. had bought C. has had D. had had ccD ( )9. The film _ when I got there. A. has begun B. had already started C .began D. have al
32、ready begun ( )10. The film _ for ten minutes when we got to the cinema. A. had already been on B. had already begun C. have already been on D. have already begun A B More practice:1. He told me he _(meet) her before.2. She thanked me for what I _(do) for her son.3. I _(learn) 300 words by the end o
33、f last month.4. He _(leave) his office when I arrived there.5. She _(visit) the city three times before she died in 1997.6. They knew she _(borrow) a lot of money for her daughter.7. Great changes _(take) place in my hometown since 1996.8. He _(live) in Beijing since he was born.9. He told me he _(l
34、ive) in Beijing since he was born.had methad donehad learnthad lefthad visitedhad borrowedhave takenhas livedhad lived1. 1. 他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年他来我们学校之前已经在那所学校工作了三年. .2. 2. 当当MillieMillie到达电影院的时候到达电影院的时候, , 电影已经开始了半个小时了电影已经开始了半个小时了. .3. 3. 自从他离开南京我们就一直没有见过面自从他离开南京我们就一直没有见过面. . He had worked in that
35、school for three years before he came to our school.The film had already been on for half an hour when Millie got to the cinema.We havent seen each other since he left Nanjing.4. 4. 到上学期末到上学期末, ,我们已经学历我们已经学历40004000多个单词多个单词. .By the end of last term, we had learnt over 4,000 words.5. 5. 我们完成这项工作比预料中的时间要早的多我们完成这项工作比预料中的时间要早的多. .6. 6. 贝尔在贝尔在3030岁前发明了电话岁前发明了电话. . We finished the work much earlier than we had expected.Bell had invented the telephone before he was 30.The young couple had lived here for three years before he moved here.7. 7. 在他搬到这里之前在他搬到这里之前, ,那对夫妇已经在这儿住了三年了那对夫妇已经在这儿住了三年了. .
