1、高中非谓语动词讲解在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式to doto be done动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式to be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式to have doneto have been done动作发生在谓语动作之前完成进行式to have been doing动作发生在谓语动作之前,且一直进行一、不定式的时态和语态1.不定式的时态意义(1)不定式的一般式通常表示构成不定式的动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或构成不定式的动
2、词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生;但有时它仅仅表示一般情况或一种现象,即看不出时间先后。Thousands of young people are learning to ski.成千上万的年轻人正在学习滑雪。He asked me to help him with the task.他让我帮他完成这个任务。(2)不定式的进行式通常表示构成不定式的动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,而且构成不定式的动词所表示的动作正在进行。He seems to be eating something.看起来他正在吃东西。He is said to be writing a prefa
3、ce to the book.据说他正在为这本书写前言。(3)不定式的完成式通常表示构成不定式的动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,用于intended,expected, hoped, meant, promised, wanted, planned, wished,desired等后时通常表示过去未实现的愿望、未完成的计划等。We hoped to have finished the work earlier.我们本希望早点儿完成工作。I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.对不起,给你添了那么多麻烦。(4)不定式的完成进行式通
4、常表示构成不定式的动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,而且一直在进行。She is known to have been dealing with the problem for many years.大家知道她处理这个难题已经有很多年了。2.不定式的语态(1)不定式可分为主动式和被动式两种,若逻辑主语是构成不定式的动词所表示动作的执行者时,不定式用主动式,否则不定式用被动式。The doctor recommended him to air the room.医生建议他让房间透透气。The doctor recommended the room to be aired.医生建议让
5、房间透透气。Its a great honor to be invited to Toms birthday party. 受邀参加汤姆的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。(2)不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的常见情况:在主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+(for sb.) to do结构中,句子的主语与构成不定式的动词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy, hard, difficult,important, impossible,interesting, heavy等。The book is difficult to un
6、derstand.这本书难懂。This kind of food was not fit to eat.这种食物不适合吃。There be句型中,动词不定式修饰主语时,用主动式(主动形式表被动意义)或被动式均可。There are lots of letters to read/to be read. 还有很多信要读。构成不定式的动词与不定式所修饰的词之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,但句子的主语是不定式动作的执行者时。He has a large family to support.他有一大家子人要养。 too.to.和enough.to.结构中,若构成不定式的动词与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,不
7、定式可用主动形式表示被动意义。The book is cheap enough to buy.这本书很便宜,可以买。The dish is too spicy to eat.这道菜太辣了,吃不了。特殊疑问词+to do结构中,do与特殊疑问词为逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式常用主动形式。I dont know what to do next.我不知道接下来该怎么办。2、 不定式的语法功能1.作主语(1)含义:表示某一次的具体动作或表示一般情况(2)谓语动词的数:动词不定式作主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式(3)位置:动词不定式作主语时,可位于句首,也可位于句末(it作形式主语)To hesitate
8、means failure.犹豫不决就意味着失败。To know everything is to know nothing.样样皆通,样样稀松。It is against my principles to do such a thing.做这样的事是违反我的原则的。特别提醒:不定式作主语使多数情况下可以用动名词替换,但在以下三种情况不能替换:(1) 一些固定说法中 (2)表示强烈的对比时 (3)表示某一次具体的动作或具体的情况时。 To error is human. 人非圣贤,孰能无过。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。 T
9、o finish this job in one day is impossible. 一天之内完成这项工作是不可能的。2.作宾语(1)常见的可接不定式作宾语的动词:afford,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect, fail,,help,hope,learn,manage,offer, plan,pretend(假装),promise,prove,refuse,resolve(解决),want,wish等。The company couldnt afford to pay such large sal
10、aries. 这个公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。She refused to be photographed.她拒绝让人拍照。I forgot to call you yesterday.昨天我忘记给你打电话了。(2)feel, find, think, believe, consider, make 这几个动词后接不定式作宾语,且宾语后有形容词/名词作宾补时,常用it作形式宾语,而把不定式放到宾补之后。I find it pleasant to work with him.我发现跟他一块儿工作挺愉快。He thought it a great pity not to have invited
11、her.他觉得没有请她真是太遗憾了。3.作表语动词不定式放在连系动词后作表语时,表示将来的情况或说明主语的内容。My wish is to become a doctor. 我的愿望是当一名医生。You must keep your promise, if we are to remain friends. 如果我们还要继续做朋友,你就必须信守诺言。4.作定语动词不定式作定语时通常位于所修饰的词语之后。动词不定式作定语的常见情形:(1) 构成不定式的动词和不定式所修饰的词之间是动宾关系。I have many letters to write.我有许多信要写。Have you got anyt
12、hing to do this evening?今晚你有事吗?(2)动词不定式说明它所修饰的名词或代词的内容。后面常接此类不定式的名词有decision,wish,chance,promise,effort,attempt等。He made an attempt to overcome his weakness.他努力克服自身的弱点。 I must keep the promise to pay within a month.我必须遵守在一个月之内付款的诺言。(3)构成不定式的动词与被修饰的词是逻辑上的主谓关系,被修饰的名词常常被first,last, second,only等修饰。He is
13、 the only person to know the truth.他是唯一了解真相的人。She is always the first person to come and the last to leave. 她总是第一个来而最后一个走。5.作状语不定式作状语时,通常可表示原因,目的和结果。不定式一般不作时间状语、让步状语等。(1) 原因状语。不定式作原因状语时,通常位于情感类形容词或表示心理活动的形容词/过去分词之后,表示产生某种情感或心理活动的原因。He was so excited to see you come. 看到你来他很激动。She was so disappointed
14、for her son not to have passed the exam.儿子未能通过考试,她非常失望。特别提醒:(1) 不定式作原因状语时,其逻辑主语可以是句子的主语,也可以不是,若不是,应在不定式前加上其自身的逻辑主语,该逻辑主语通常由介词for引出。(2) 作原因状语的不定式有时态的变化,构成不定式的动词所表示发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前时,不定式用完成式,否则用一般式。(2)目的状语。不定式作目的状语时可位于句首和句尾,动词不定式作目的状语时仅用一般式,且不定式前可加in order/so as,但so as to不能位于句首。He ran fast so as to c
15、atch the first bus.他一路奔跑以便赶上第一班公共汽车。I came here to say goodbye to you.我来这儿是为了向你告别。The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.这个男孩工作非常努力,为的是弥补失去的时间。In order to pass the exam, he worked hard even at midnight.为了通过考试,他甚至半夜还在努力学习。(3)结果状语。不定式作结果状语时表示谓语动词所表示的动作的结果。构成不定式的动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示
16、的动作之后,不定式用一般式。动词不定式之前有时可以加上only,以加强语气。A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.几天后他回来了,却发现部队已经离开了。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own foot.他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。特别提醒:不定式与现在分词都可作结果状语,区别:不定式多表示出乎意料的结果,现在分词多表示自然而然的结果。The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project
17、unfinished.那位老科学家突然去世了,留下了未完成的项目。6.作补语(1)ask, tell, invite, get, advise, allow, want, permit, warn, order,encourage, prefer, expect, force, wish,beg等动词后可接动词不定式作宾语补足语。My teacher encouraged me to study abroad.我的老师鼓励我出国留学。Her parents dont allow her to go out at night.她父母不允许她晚上出去。(2)believe, consider,de
18、clare,find,imagine, prove, suppose,think等动词后可接to be+adj.作宾语补足语。I believe him to be honest.我相信他是诚实的。They found him to be charming.他们觉得他很有魅力。(3)with复合结构中,宾补可由不定式充当,不定式通常表示动作尚未发生。With a lot of work to do, he has no time to hang out with friends. 因有很多工作要做,他没时间与朋友一块儿出去玩。3、 不定式to的省略1.在 make,let, have, fee
19、l, hear,listen to, see, look at, watch,notice,observe等使役动词和感官动词(短语)后,动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。另外,动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to,也可以带to。这类词可以用以下歌诀助记:一感:feel 二听:listen to,hear 三让:make,have,let五看:see,watch,observe,look at, notice 半帮助:help(to可省可保留)Mr Wang has his son write a diary every day.王先生让他的儿子每天写一篇日记。He made
20、 a face and made everybody laugh.他做了一个鬼脸,逗得大家都笑了。Can you help (to) carry this heavy box?你可以帮忙搬这个重箱子吗?My sister often helps me (to) do my homework.我的姐姐经常帮我做家庭作业。特别提醒:如果上述动词用于被动语态(let, have, notice, watch通常不用于被动语态),动词不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语,此时这些动词后面的不定式符号to就必须还原。He is often heard to sing the song. 他经常被人听
21、见唱这首歌。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.虽然他曾经常把他的小妹妹弄哭,但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。 2.在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),might as well (不妨,还是为好)等结构后,动词不定式不带to。If youd rather be alone, well all leave here.如果你宁愿独自待着,那我们都离开这儿。You had better go and look for h
22、im now.你最好现在就去找他。You might as well go without her.你们还是不带她去为好。3.在一些含有but的固定搭配中,如 cannot but, cannot help but, cannot choose but等,but后面跟不带to的动词不定式。It is raining hard, so we cannot choose but stay at home.雨下得很大,所以我们只能待在家里。4.动词不定式在介词but,except,besides 后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的动词不定式不带to,否则要带to。S
23、he could do nothing but cry.她除了哭,不能做任何事。What do you like to do besides swim?除了游泳,你还喜欢做什么?5.用在Why.?或Why not.?等表示建议的句型中,动词不定式不带to。Why argue with him?为什么要和他争辩呢?Why not tell me the news? 为什么不告诉我这个消息呢?6.为了避免重复,由and或or连接两个不定式时,一般可以省略第二个不定式符号to。注意:如果前后两个不定式表示对照或对比,或为了强调时,不定式符号to不能省略。Im really puzzled what
24、to think or say.想什么,说什么,我确实困惑了。We want to swim and climb the hills next Saturday.我们下周六想去游泳和爬山。I came not to scold you, but to praise you.我来不是批评你,而是表扬你的。7.如果主语是all或what引导的从句,或主语受only, first, one, least或形容词最高级修饰,且后面的从句或短语中有实义动词do时,用作表语的动词不定式常可省略to。The only thing you can do is wait and see.你唯一能做的就是等待和观
25、望。All I can do is help you finish the work on time.我能做的所有事情就是帮你按时完成工作。特别提醒:不定式to后的内容省略:在expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,forget,want,try以及be glad to,be happy,would like,should have,would love等后面,常用to来代替前面的不定式,以避免重复。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been,则这些词要保留。I havent been to Hong Kong, but I want to. 我还没去过香
26、港,但是我想去。Would you like to come to my party? 你想参加我的聚会吗?Yes, Id love to (come to your party). 是的,我想参加。He hasnt finished the task yet. 他还没有完成这项任务Well, he ought to have. 哦,他本应该已经完成的。动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一种,兼有动词和名词的特征,起名词的作用,同时保留动词的属性,可在句中充当主语、宾语和定语。主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式doingbeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式having doinghavin
27、g been done动作发生在谓语动作之前一、动名词的时态和语态1.动名词的时态意义(1)动名词的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时或在其之后发生,或表示一般情况。She imagined finding a wallet on the sidewalk.她想象着自己在人行道上发现了一个钱包。She suggested studying science.她建议学习科学。(以后)I enjoy listening to classical music.我喜欢听古典音乐。(一般情况)(2)动名词的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。He was praised for
28、 having done a good deed.他因做了一件好事而受到表扬。2.动名词的语态动名词的主动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动作的执行者,动名词的被动语态表示它的逻辑主语是动作的承受者。He insisted on sending her to hospital.他坚持要把她送到医院去。He insisted on being sent to work in the countryside.他坚持要被派到农村去工作。2、 动名词的语法功能1.作主语(1)动名词作主语时常表示一般性的、习惯性的动作或状态,动名词有时态和语态的变化,且谓语动词通常用单数形式。Being laughed at i
29、n public is what you will never want to happen to you.被当众嘲笑是你永远不想发生在自己身上的事情。(2) 动名词作主语时,可位于句首和句末。动名词位于句末时要用it作形式主语。动名词作主语且用it作形式主语的常见句型:It is +adj.(good,funny,nice,worthwhile,interesting 等)+动名词.It is no use/no good/a waste of time/.+动名词.It is no use waiting here.在这儿等无济于事。It is worthwhile spending so
30、me time doing this job. 花点儿时间做这个工作是值得的。(3)动名词的复合结构作主语时,通常有两种形式:形容词性物主代词+动名词名词所有格+动名词Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他们前来帮忙对我们来说是巨大的鼓舞。Mikes returning to work is a great help to us.迈克回来工作对我们来说是一大帮助。特别提醒:动名词和动词不定式都可以作主语。动名词作主语时通常表示一般性、习惯性的动作,而动词不定式作主语时往往表示具体的、一次性的动作。Playing with f
31、ire is dangerous. 玩火危险(泛指)Be careful! To play with fire will be dangerous. 小心点!玩火是危险的。(指一次具体动作)2.作宾语动名词作宾语时,可位于动词之后,也可位于介词之后,此处重点讲动名词作动词的宾语。(1)admit, avoid, consider(考虑), enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest(建议), delay, appreciate等动词之后要用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。I often practise
32、 listening and speaking.我经常练习听和说。Do you mind passing me that dictionary?你介意把那本词典递给我吗?(2)feel like, give up, put off, look forward to, cant help(禁不住), cant stand(不能容忍)等之后一般用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。Im looking forward to seeing the film.我盼望着看这部电影。(3) begin, start, continue等动词后既可跟不定式作宾语,又可跟动名词作宾语,且意义差别不大。I was al
33、lowed to continue using/to use the library.我获准继续使用那个图书馆。They began working/to work.他们开始工作了。(4)love, like, hate等动词后可跟动名词和不定式作宾语。动名词通常表示习惯性、经常性的动作,不定式可表示一次性具体的动作。He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。He doesnt like to swim this afternoon.今天下午他不想去游泳。(5)接动名词/不定式作宾语时意义差别较大的动词及其结构:forget to do sth.表示忘记要去做某事; forget doi
34、ng sth.表示忘记做过某事”。Dont forget to put the milk in the fridge before you leave home.你离开家之前别忘了把牛奶放进冰箱里。He forgot telling me what had happened.他忘记已经告诉我发生的事情了。 remember to do sth.表示记得要做某事; remember doing sth.表示记得做过某事。You must remember to leave tomorrow.你一定要记着明天动身。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不
35、记得以前见过那个人吗?try to do sth.表示努力/试图做某事; try doing sth.表示试着做某事。You must try to solve the problem.你必须要努力解决这个问题。Lets try doing the work in another way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这项工作吧。mean to do sth.表示打算做某事; mean doing sth.表示意味着做某事。I didnt mean to hurt you.我并没打算伤害你。Getting up late means missing the early bus.起床晚了意味着赶
36、不上早班车。(6)need, want (需要), require(需要)后作宾语的动名词常用主动形式表示被动意义。Your house needs repairing(=to be repaired).你的房子需要修缮。Your coat wants washing(=to be washed).你的外套该洗了。(7)动名词的复合结构作宾语时有以下几种形式:形容词性物主代词+动名词名词所有格+动名词人称代词宾格+动名词名词通格+动名词She insisted on his/him wearing a suit.她坚持要他穿西装。If the babysitter cannot come to
37、morrow, do you mind Fred/ Freds being left alone at home, doing his homework? 如果临时保姆明天来不了,你介不介意把Fred独自留在家里做家庭作业?Would you mind my/me using your cell phone?你介意我用你的手机吗?I knew nothing about the window being open. 我一点儿也不知道窗户开着。3.作定语动名词作定语时表示事物的属性或用途,且只能作前置定语。No one is allowed to speak aloud in the readi
38、ng room.阅览室里任何人不得大声说话。There is a swimming pool in our school.我们学校有一个游泳池。The father is busy in making a walking stick for his son whose leg has been broken.那位父亲正在忙着为断了腿的儿子做拐杖。归纳拓展:现在分词(短语)作定语现在分词(短语)作定语时表示被修饰词的动作或状态,被修饰词与现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,现在分词(短语)可转换为一个定语从句。单个的现在分词作定语时往往放在被修饰词之前;如果是现在分词短语作定语,则放在被修饰词之后
39、。There is a sleeping baby.(=There is a baby who is sleeping.)有一个婴儿正在睡觉。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.(=The man who is speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.)正与老师讲话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。辨析比较:动名词作定语/现在分词作定语区别例句动名词作定语说明被修饰词的属性、用途a sleeping(动名词) bag = a bag which is used for sle
40、eping 睡袋现在分词作定语强调被修饰词的动作或状态a sleeping(现在分词) boy = a boy who is sleeping 正在睡觉的男孩现在分词现在分词有一般式和完成式,及物动词的现在分词有主动语态和被动语态,以动词write和go为例,其形式如下:及物动词write不及物动词go现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系主动语态一般式writingbeing written与谓语动作同时发生going完成式having writtenhaving been written动作发生在谓语动作之前having gone一、现在分词的基本形式1.现在分词的一般式表示分词的动作与
41、谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生(几乎同时发生),或表示正在发生。现在分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,常用作状语。2.现在分词的一般式的被动语态表示分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,且动作正在进行。3.现在分词的完成式的被动语态表示被动动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前。Hearing the good news, they burst into cheers.听到这个好消息,他们欢呼了起来。Being talked to, you should look into the eyes of the person.有人和你说话时,你应该看着那个人的眼睛。Having tol
42、d him the answer several times, I didnt know whether he could understand.尽管已经告诉他这个答案好几次了,但我不知道他是否能理解。Having been told the answer several times, he still couldnt answer the question.尽管已经被告知这个答案好几次了,但他仍不会回答这个问题。二、现在分词的句法功能1.现在分词(短语)作状语现在分词(短语)作状语时,可以表示原因、条件、让步、时间、结果、方式和伴随状况,作方式状语和伴随状语时可以变为并列分句,作其他状语时也
43、可以变为相应的状语从句。原因:Being tired, I stopped to have a rest.(= Because I was tired, I stopped to have a rest.)我累了,于是停下来休息。条件:Turning to the left, you will find the school. (= If you turn to the left, you will find the school.)向左拐,你就会找到那所学校。让步:Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (=Though he know
44、s where I live, he never comes to see me.)尽管他知道我住在哪儿,但他从不来看我。时间:Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. (= When they heard the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.)听到这个消息,他们立即出发去上海了。结果:It rained heavily, causing severe floods in the area.(= It rained heavily so that it cause
45、d severe floods in the area.)雨下得很大,结果导致这个地区发生了严重的洪灾。方式: He came running into the room. (= He came and ran into the room.)他跑进屋里来。伴随: I stood there, waiting for her.(= I stood there and waited for her.)我站在那儿等她。特别提醒:使用现在分词作状语时,需要注意的问题:(1) 现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致。My wife had a long talk with Sally, expl
46、aining why she didnt want the children to play together. 我妻子与萨莉谈了很长时间,解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(My wife是现在分词短语 explaining.together 的逻辑主语)(2) 现在分词作状语时,可以根据需要在现在分词前加上相应的从属连词(when, while, though, unless, if等)。从属连词+现在分词结构可以被视为状语从句的省略。While (he was) waiting for the bus, he met Mary.等公共汽车时,他遇到了玛丽。(3)现在分词作状语时,用一般式
47、还是完成式要看现在分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作有没有明显的先后顺序。当现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时,现在分词通常用完成式;其他情况下,现在分词通常用一般式。Having written the letter, John went to the post office.写完信之后,约翰去了邮局。(分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前)Seeing the beautiful scene, the children felt very excited.看到这一美景,孩子们兴奋极了。(分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生)2.现在分词(短语)作定语现在分词(短语)作定语的具体用法如下:(1)位置:单个现在分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之前;现在分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰词之后。(2)形式:现在分词作定语有doing 和 being done 两种形式,一般不用having done形式作定语。