Unit 4 Section B Grammar and usage ppt课件-（2020）新牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修第一册.rar

Section BGrammar and usageVocabulary Vocabulary 1. advocateadvocate (doing) sth. 提倡（做）某事，主张（做）某事advocate that 提倡/主张（从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should 可省略）an advocate for/of的支持者/拥护者advocate 后接v.-ing做宾语，不能接动词不定式做宾语。练习：We advocate _ (seek) a proper solution for these frictions and problems on the basis of equal consultation (协商). seeking2. beliefbeyond belief令人难以置信have belief in 相信，信任；怀有信念have/hold the belief that. 相信Its ones belief that . . . =Ones belief is that . . . 某人相信believe v. 相信，认为真实 believe sb. 相信某人（的话）believe in sb. 信任某人believe it or not信不信由你It is believed that. 人们相信（It为形式主语）练习：It is our belief _ improvements in health care will lead to a more prosperous(繁荣的) economy.thatLeading inLeading inWhat are the main types of non-finite verbs?To-infinitives, verb-ing forms and verb-ed forms.What can to-infinitives, verb-ing and verb-ed forms be used as in a sentence?They can be used as subject, predicative, object, attributive, adverbial and object complement.Working out the rulesWorking out the rulesThe to-infinitive often refers to an action that will happen in the future; theverb-ing form, a continuing action; and the verb-ed form, a past action.Generally speaking, the verb-ing form expresses a (n) (1) _ (active/passive) meaning, while the verb-ed form expresses a(n) (2) _ (active/passive) meaning.The to-infinitive can be used as the (3) _ of a sentence.The verb-ing form can be used as the (4) _ of a sentence.The verb-ed form can be used as the (5) _ of a sentence.You can choose more than one answer for each blank.a subject b predicative c object d complement e attributive f adverbialactivepassivea, b, c, d, e, fa, b, c, d, e, fb, d, e, f非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词常指动词不定式、动词-ing和动词-ed形式，在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。如下：形式功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语动词动词 不定式动词动词 -ing动词动词 -ed动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中用作主语。To live is to do something valuable. 活着就是要做一些有价值的事。Understanding your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your preference and emotions. 了解你自己的需要和交流方式与学会表达你的喜好和情感一样重要。非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词作主语1.动词不定式作主语时，常常用形式主语it代替，不定式置于句末。常见句型：It + be +形容词+ (for/of sb.) to do sth.It + be +名词+to do sth.It takes sb. some time to do sth.Its up to sb. to do sth.It is unwise of you to stay up late every day. 你每天熬夜是不明智的。It is everyones duty to obey the law. 遵守法律是每个人的义务。It took her a month to read the novel. 阅读这部小说花了她一个月的时间。It is up to us to help those in need. 帮助那些需要帮助的人是我们的责任。2.动词-ing形式作主语时，有时也可以用形式主语it代替，动词-ing形式置于句末。常见句型：It is useless/no use/no good/a waste of time/ . +动词-ing.Its a waste of time trying to get her to change her mind. 要想让她改变主意是浪费时间。Its no good complaining-they never listen. 抱怨毫无用处他们根本不听。动词不定式和动词-ing形式都可以在句中用作宾语。1. afford，agree，arrange，choose，claim，desire，expect，fail，hope，intend，offer，pretend，promise，refuse，wish 等动词后，常接动词不定式作宾语。Peter offered to teach them water-skiing. 彼得表示愿意教他们滑水。They intend to leave early tomorrow morning to avoid traffic jams. 为了避免交通堵塞，他们打算明天一大早出发。非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语2. advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，deny，enjoy，finish，practise，suggest 等动词后，以及 burst out，give up，insist on，keep on，put off等短语后，常接动词-ing形式作宾语。We were considering buying a new car. 我们在考虑买一辆新车。I really appreciated being selected to perform in the New Year Gala. 我真的很感激被选中在新年晚会上表演。I put off going to the doctor but now I wish I hadnt. 我推迟了去看医生的时间，但现在我希望我当时没推迟。3.like，love，begin，start等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者区别不大，常可以交换使用。It started to rain. =It started raining, 下起雨来了。I like talking with him for his humor. =I like to talk with him for his humor. 我喜欢和他交谈，因为他很幽默。4.remember，forget，regret，try，mean等动词后，既可以接动词不定式作宾语，也可以接动词-ing形式作宾语，但二者意义不同。Remember to turn off the lights before you leave. 你离开前记得关灯。I remember turning off the lights before I left. 我记得我离开前关了灯。5.介词后一般只接动词-ing形式作宾语。How about going for a walk? 去散散步怎么样？My father was fond of fishing in the river when he was little. 我爸爸小的时候喜欢在这条河里捕鱼。1.动词不定式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语所指的内容，动词不定式可以带逻辑主语。动词不定式作表语，有时to可以省略。The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children. 教育的目的是发展儿童优良的品格。2.动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式可以在句中用作表语，说明主语的特征或者状态，动词-ing形式还可以表示主语所指的内容。Its surprising that the machine should break down only a week later. 这台机器竟然仅仅一周后就坏了，太令人吃惊了。I was surprised that I was the first to arrive. 我很惊讶我是第一个到的。My job is rearranging the books in the library. 我的工作是重新整理图书馆里的书。非谓语动词作表语非谓语动词作表语1.动词不定式作定语常表示将要发生的事；动词-ing形式作定语常表示正在发生的事或表示主动意义；动词-ed形式作定语常表示已经发生的事或表示被动意义。I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多工作要做。The girl singing in the next room is his sister. 隔壁房间里正在唱歌的女孩是他的妹妹。They built a highway leading to the mountains. 他们建了一条通往山区的公路。Half of the guests invited to the party are his colleagues. 被邀请参加聚会的客人中有一半是他的同事。These trucks carry goods exported to foreign countries. 这些卡车运送出口货物。非谓语动词作定语非谓语动词作定语2.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作定语时可以有被动形式。Are you going to the conference to be held next week? 你准备参加下周举行的会议吗？The man being questioned is the only witness to the accident.正在接受审问的那个人是事故的唯一目击者。注意：（1）the only，the last，the next等以及序数词后常用不定式作定语。（2）被 the only，the best，the last，the next等或序数词修饰的词后，常用不定式作后置定语。（3）ability，chance，idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，promise，attempt，way等抽象名词后常用不定式作定语。China was the first developing country to independently perform a manned space flight. 中国是第一个独立进行载人航天飞行的发展中国家。I dont think he is the best man to do the job. 我认为他不是做这份工作的最佳人选。The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。1.动词不定式作状语可以表示目的或者结果，动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、伴随、让步、条件等意义。We will continue our campaign to prevent and control air pollution to make our sky blue again. 我们将继续我们防治空气污染的运动，以使我们的天空再次变得蔚蓝。He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself. 他从小山上走下来，自顾自轻声哼着曲儿。His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 他的父母去世了，他成了孤儿。Knowing all this, I still want to see it for myself. 尽管知道了一切情况，我还是想亲自去看一看。Seriously injured, she had to be sent to hospital at once. 她受了重伤，必须立刻送往医院。Given more time, we would have done the work better. 如果（当时）给予更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。2.动词-ing形式具有主动意义，动词-ed形式具有被动意义。Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.向右转，你会找到一条通往他的小别墅的小路。Painted white, the house looks bigger. 漆成白色后，这房子看起来大了些。3.动词-ing形式作状语可用完成式。Having been shown around the library, the visitors were taken to the playground. 参观完图书馆后，游客们被带到了操场上。Not having received the answer, the girl decided to write another email. 由于没有得到答复，这个女孩决定再写一封电子邮件。1.allow，expect，forbid，force，order，permit，request，warn等动词后，常接“名词/代词动词不定式”结构，动词不定式作补语。Father will not allow us to play in the street. 父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。We warned them not to skate on such thin ice. 我们告诫过他们，不要在这么薄的冰上溜冰。2.see，hear，notice，watch，feel，let，have等动词后，可以接不带to的动词不定式作补语，表示动作的整个过程；这些动词也可以接动词-ing形式作补语，表示动作正在进行或一直在进行。I saw him entering the bank. 我看见他正走进银行。（him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系）They had the fire burning all night. 他们让火整夜烧着。（burn这一动作一直在进行）非谓语动词作补语非谓语动词作补语3.动词-ed形式作补语常表示被动意义。I will have my bike repaired tomorrow. 明天我要让人修一下我的自行车。（让别人去修）He was happy to see his mother taken good care of at home. 他很高兴看到母亲在家里受到很好的照顾。（his mother与take之间为逻辑上的动宾关系）1. _ (talk) freely with your doctor can make you feel better and give your doctor the information she or he needs to give you the best care.2. On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take _ (get) there.3. Many people have the hobby of _ (collect) things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques.4. Next time you visit Bob, remember _ (give) him a call in advance.Good point. I will.5. It was extremely _ (touch) and comforting to know that somebody had taken the time to do that for my family.6. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel _ (energize) all day long.练习练习Talkingto get collectingto givetouchingenergized7. In his Mordernist view, beauty lies in simplicity and elegance, and the aim of the designer is _ (create) solutions to problems through the most efficient means.8. A piece of stone _ (find) on a Dutch beach suggests that our extinct human relatives, known as Neanderthals, were cleverer than previously thought.9. When we got a call _ (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.10. Picking up her Lifetime Achievement award, proud Irene declared she had no plans _ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.11. Technological innovations, _ (combine) with good marketing, will promote the sales of these products.to createfoundsayingto retirecombined12. _ (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.13. All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, _ (say) that I had a talent for football.14. The dancers incredible performance had the audience on its feet _ (clap) for 10 minutes at the end of the show.15. They make great gifts and you see them many times _ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.16. Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _ (stay) and watch.To enjoysaying clappingdecoratedto stayThank youThank you