1、对肝癌肝切除术指证的新近认识对肝癌肝切除术指证的新近认识 第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院第二军医大学东方肝胆外科医院沈沈 锋锋 有很多因素影响肝癌肝切除术的选择有很多因素影响肝癌肝切除术的选择-Vauthey JN, HPB 2010在作肝切除选择时在作肝切除选择时, ,主要考虑全身情况主要考虑全身情况, ,肝功能肝功能, ,肝体积和肝体积和肿瘤病理肿瘤病理Child-Pugh评分评分Ishizawa T, Gastroenterology 2008; Bruix J, Hepatology 2010; Vathey JN, HPB 2010肝切除术适合于肝切除术适合于ChildPugh A A
2、 和和 well Bwell B ChildPugh评分在预后评估上有局限性评分在预后评估上有局限性 ChildPugh A A 的病人可能已有肝功能的的病人可能已有肝功能的 明显损害:总胆红素升高明显损害:总胆红素升高, ,门脉高压门脉高压, ,用利用利 尿剂控制的腹水尿剂控制的腹水 Liver function 终末期肝病模型终末期肝病模型( (model for end stage liver disease, MELD) Cucchetti A, Liver Transpl 2006Retrospective evaluation of 145 cirrhotic patients t
3、hat underwent surgical resectionRisk of p.o. liver failure (7.1%) AUC 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.96Risk of p.o. complications (29.9%) AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.89MELD评分评分=9.6ln(肌酐肌酐mg/dl)+3.8ln(胆红素胆红素mg/dl)+11.2ln(凝血凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值酶原时间国际标准化比值)+6.4病因病因(胆汁淤滞性和酒精性肝硬化为胆汁淤滞性和酒精性肝硬化为0,病病毒等其他原因肝硬化为毒等其他原因肝硬化为1),结果取整数结
4、果取整数 9 9分以下分以下, ,安全安全 11 11分以上分以上, ,危险危险 911 911分分? ? Definition: “A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output” Caesar, Clin Sci 1961Mechanism of Action: Its active transfer into the liver parenchymal cells leads to a rap
5、id disappearance from the plasma, and it appears to be solely removed by the liver Wheeler, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1958 吲哚菁绿吲哚菁绿( (indocyaninegreen,ICGindocyaninegreen,ICG) )排泄试验排泄试验 东京大学肝脏切除安全限量的评估标准东京大学肝脏切除安全限量的评估标准Imamura H,JHP 2005Fibroscan LSM using FibroScan reflects the degree of hepatic fibro
6、sis Ziol, Hepatology 2005 LSM is a predictor of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Masuzaki, Hepatology 2009 LSM before surgery?Kim, Hepatol Int, 2008FibroscanLSM as a predictor of the development of postoperative hepatic insufficiency LSM 72 pts before surgery依靠肝功能的治疗选择依靠肝功能的治疗选择ABLimited resectionsNOYES40%M
7、ajor surgery PVEMajor hepatectomyNo surgeryLimited resections (26,000例例 门脉高压症对肝癌肝切除的影响的影响门脉高压症对肝癌肝切除的影响的影响Cucchetti A, Ann Surg 2009241 例肝癌伴肝硬化病人的手术疗效例肝癌伴肝硬化病人的手术疗效::一项倾向得分分析:一项倾向得分分析P=0.008P=0.453相同相同MELD评分评分和和肝切除范围肝切除范围的病人,具有相似的的病人,具有相似的术中过程、术后肝衰竭术中过程、术后肝衰竭的发生率、死亡率和总体生存率的发生率、死亡率和总体生存率。Conventional
8、Indications(BCLC A1)Child C Not even considered in major series Wang JE,World J Surg 2010Child-Pugh B级病人的术后生存率级病人的术后生存率 术前门脉高压对肝切除预后的影响(术前门脉高压对肝切除预后的影响(626626例,例,EHBHEHBH)变变 量量PHTPHT(n=96n=96)No PHT(n=530)No PHT(n=530)P P值值年龄年龄岁(范围)岁(范围)52(16-71)49(15-76)0.089性别性别男男884540.112女女876乙肝表面抗原乙肝表面抗原阳性阳性804
9、110.205阴性阴性16119肝硬化背景肝硬化背景有有91690.029无无5461肿瘤数目肿瘤数目=1864600.451111070肿瘤直径肿瘤直径,cm1013118切除方式切除方式大部切除大部切除161180.217局部切除局部切除80412手术切缘手术切缘,cm=141192输血输血是是231090.453否否73421包膜包膜完整完整291280.208不完整或无不完整或无67402微血管癌栓微血管癌栓无无321600.539有有64370病理分级病理分级I/II854890.224III/IV1141AFP,ng/ml2032209总胆红素总胆红素mg/dl(范围范围)15.1
10、(6.0-38.2)12.0(2.1-48.9).0001ALTU/L(范围范围)50.6(9.0-358.8)44.6(8.3-765.9)0.242ASTU/L(范围范围)46.0(11.0-257.0)40.8(5.3-497.0)0.279血小板血小板/mm3(范围范围)66(7.0-367.0)130(17.0-403.0).0001白蛋白白蛋白Ng/ml(范围范围)40.4(31.5-50.5)42.6(33.0-64.0)60 60岁(是岁(是/ /否)否)140/480140/4800.8990.899性别(性别(M/FM/F)542/84542/840.4180.418肝硬化
11、(是肝硬化(是/ /否)否)552/74552/740.2830.283HBsAgHBsAg 阳性(是阳性(是/ /否)否)491/135491/1350.0470.047门脉高压症(是门脉高压症(是/ /否)否)96/53096/5300.1030.103食管静脉曲张(是食管静脉曲张(是/ /否)否)66/56066/5600.0240.024脾大(是脾大(是/ /否)否)94/42394/4230.2330.233PLT1000 mmPLT11(是(是/ /否)否)80/54680/546.000110cm10cm(是(是/ /否)否)130/496130/496.0001400ng/ml
12、AFP400ng/ml(是(是/ /否)否)385/241385/2410.0030.003输血(是输血(是/ /否)否)132/494132/4940.0060.006局部切除(是局部切除(是/ /否)否)492/134492/1340.9790.979切缘切缘=1cm=1cm(是(是/ /否)否)233/393233/3930.2750.275 多因素分析多因素分析门脉高压门脉高压症症并不是并不是影响手术预后的独立危险因子影响手术预后的独立危险因子变变 量量HRHR95%95%可信区间可信区间P P值值肿瘤数目肿瘤数目11.861.37-2.5210cm1.681.292.19.0001H
13、BsAg,阳性阳性1.371.041.800.027 门静脉癌栓对肝切除预后的影响门静脉癌栓对肝切除预后的影响Median survival untreated: 2.7-4 MoMedian survival with resection: 6-131 MoMortality rate: 0-11%Low % of eligible pts with respect to observed onesReproducible eligibility criteria are lackingNo external validation门静脉癌栓侵犯程度影响预后门静脉癌栓侵犯程度影响预后 相对于相
14、对于PVT延伸至门静脉主干者,延伸至门静脉主干者,PVT位于门静脉分支位于门静脉分支1级或级或2级级者行肝切除合并癌栓切除术可获得更好的疗效者行肝切除合并癌栓切除术可获得更好的疗效Chen XP, Ann Surg Oncol 2006438例例 HCC+PVT的病人分为的病人分为2组,分别行肝切除术组,分别行肝切除术癌栓切除术癌栓切除术: A)癌栓在切除线以内或超出切线不足癌栓在切除线以内或超出切线不足1 cmB) 癌栓超出切除线并达到门静脉主干癌栓超出切除线并达到门静脉主干AB5-yrsOSA:18.1%B:0%Median survival 18.8 vs. 10.1Surgical T
15、reatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus: stratifying prognosisLiver resection is justified in selected patients with PVT located in the segmental or sectoral branches of the portal veinShi J, Ann Surg Oncol 2010406 hepatic resections + thrombectomyfor HCC + PVT1- and 3-y
16、ear OS: 34.4 and 13.0%1- and 3-year DFS: 13.3 and 4.7%III-IV:4.4-6.4%I-II:25.1-17.7% Only cohort studies with including patients with mixed features-5-yr survival ranging from 24 to 58% -5-yr disease-free survival ranging from 0 to 26% 多发性肝癌的肝切除预后多发性肝癌的肝切除预后Author (Journal Year)N patients5-Yr OS5-Yr
17、 DFSFong Y (Ann Surg1999)4248%NDPoon RT (Ann Surg 2002)2060%0%Vauthey JN (J Clin Oncol 2002)18024%NDErcolani G (Ann Surg 2003)24ND0%Wu CC (Br J Surg 2005)8226%26%Portolani N (Ann Surg 2006)3829%20%Ikai I (Hepatol Res 2007)317430%NDIshizawa T (Gastroenterology 2008)12658%25%Ho MC (Ann Surg Oncol 2009
18、)29437%25%多发性肝癌并非肝切除术的绝对禁忌证多发性肝癌并非肝切除术的绝对禁忌证对于有肝硬化背景的多发性肝癌,如果肝功能对于有肝硬化背景的多发性肝癌,如果肝功能Child A级,行肝切除术可获得生级,行肝切除术可获得生存受益,尽管术后复发率可能稍高存受益,尽管术后复发率可能稍高Ishizawa T, Gastroenterology 2008 434 hepatic resections for HCC - 126 multiple nodules (83% less than 4 nodules) - 308 single nodule5-yr OS CP-A, single: 68
19、% CP-A, multiple: 58%5-yr OS CP-A, single: 60% CP-A, multiple: 75%Whatever TNM, CLIP and BCLC staging systems is appliedIf patients have preserved liver function hepatic resection is more helpful than TACE and best supportive care even for patients with multiple HCCs. Ho. Ann Surg Oncol 2009多发性肝癌的肝切
20、除治疗疗效多发性肝癌的肝切除治疗疗效BCLC-BBCLC-CBCLC-AWang.J Formos Med Assoc 2008 如果肝功能允许,多发性肿瘤能一并整块切除,如果肝功能允许,多发性肿瘤能一并整块切除,肝切除术就为首选肝切除术就为首选 多发性肝癌的肝切除治疗疗效多发性肝癌的肝切除治疗疗效 临床病理特征临床病理特征N N = 510= 510性别性别 (男男/女女)462 / 48HbsAg (阳性阳性/阴性阴性)461 / 49HbeAg (阳性阳性/阴性阴性)120 / 390肝硬化肝硬化 (是是/否否)431 / 79总胆红素总胆红素, umol/L13.9(5.0-35.4)
21、ALT, U/L46.2(11.5-195.0)白蛋白白蛋白, g/l41.4(31.5-66.7)PT时间时间, s12.4(9.5-18.6)AFP,g/L (6198肿瘤直径之和肿瘤直径之和 (cm)82668244肿瘤数目肿瘤数目 22883134454434肿瘤最大径肿瘤最大径(cm)31053-51585-101721075多发性肝癌的肝切除预后多发性肝癌的肝切除预后(N=510,EHBH) 变变 量量HR95% 可信区间可信区间P值值复复发发肿瘤直径之和肿瘤直径之和8cm1.621.29-2.0461.611.28-2.0331.431.06-1.93.019肿瘤直径之和肿瘤直径
22、之和8cm2.151.67-2.7761.671.29-2.173 =1; 3 = 0)+2直径和直径和(8cm = 1; 8cm= 0) +直径比直径比(6 = 1; 6= 0) ScoreSurvival rate (%)P 值值1-Year3-Year5-Year091.171.954.5191.154.640.10 vs 1: p=.177277.746.335.71 vs 2: p.001365.933.318.82 vs 3: p.001462.018.88.43 vs 4: p=.063分期分期AUC值值95% 可信区间可信区间EHBH0.7000.669-0.757TNM0.6
23、580.611-0.706BCLC0.5600.510-0.610CLIP0.5520.502-0.601JIS0.5240.474-0.574 对多发性肝癌术后生存预测的准确性对多发性肝癌术后生存预测的准确性 The AUC of the Staging Systems 大肝癌的肝切除术大肝癌的肝切除术Clinical and pathologic characteristics and the outcome after hepatic resection of Solitary Large HCCs are similar to that of Small HCCs, but signi
24、ficantly better than Nodular HCCsYang NY, Ann Surg 2009Group C 15 moGroup A 45 moGroup B 60 mo5-yr OS- A Small HCC: 38.2%- B Solitary Large HCC: 48.3%- C Nodular HCC: 20%Small HCCSHCCSolitary Large HCCSLHCCNodular HCCNHCCLivraghi T, Hepatology 2008Western experience (cohort studies) on patients with
25、 very early HCC ( 2 cm) 极早期肝癌的治疗选择极早期肝癌的治疗选择 RFALiver resectionN patients218 (5 centers)132 (2 centers)Perioperative mortality: 0%0.8%Sustained complete response:97.2%100%5-yr survival rate: 55%70%5-yr recurrence rate:80%68%早期肝癌手术与微创治疗早期肝癌手术与微创治疗 2008-20102008-2010年,东方肝胆外科医院共入组伴肝硬化的早期肝癌患者年,东方肝胆外科医院共
26、入组伴肝硬化的早期肝癌患者150150例,例,分别给予手术、微创分别给予手术、微创+TACE+TACE治疗对比,随访治疗对比,随访2.5年手术与微创均可作为早期肝癌治疗的首选,手术与微创均可作为早期肝癌治疗的首选,手术的疗效稍优于微创治疗手术的疗效稍优于微创治疗 肝癌的肝癌的腹腔镜肝切除术腹腔镜肝切除术:数量激增数量激增p1992年第一例腹腔镜肝切除术报道p1992年至2008年,全世界行腹腔镜肝切除2,804例,手术数量逐年增加,尤其是2006-2008年p肝癌切除占腹腔镜肝切除术的一半以上Ann Surg. 2009 ;250(5):831-41荟萃分析:荟萃分析:21 项研究项研究(19
27、98-2010)494 例例HCC患者患者LLR 213 / OLR 2811. 失血量失血量:LLR OLR2. 死亡率死亡率:LLR = OLR (1.04% vs 1.91%)3. 切除边缘切除边缘:LLR = OLR目前,腹腔镜肝切除接受的适应症:孤立性癌灶,目前,腹腔镜肝切除接受的适应症:孤立性癌灶,5cm,位于,位于2-6肝段肝段HCC腹腔镜切除腹腔镜切除有其有其优势优势 Dig Dis Sci 2011. 56: 1737-43Shimada 2001 1/17 4/38 5.03 0.530.05,5.14Laurent 2003 4/13 7/14 10.08 0.440.0
28、9,2.15Kaneko 2005 3/30 5/28 10.05 0.510.11,2.37Belli 2007 3/23 11/23 20.66 0.160.04,0.71 Endo 2009 3/10 3/11 4.32 1.140.17,7.60Lai 2009 4/25 5/33 7.82 1.070.25,4.46Aldringhetti 2010 4/16 7/16 11.34 0.430.10,1.92Nguyen 2010 1/17 1/20 1.87 1.190.07,20.54 Tranchart 2010 9/42 17/42 28.84 0.400.15,1.05 T
29、otal(95%CI) 193 225 100.00 0.480.29,0.78Total events:32(腹腔镜),(腹腔镜),60(开腹)(开腹)异质性检验:异质性检验:2=4.65,df=8(P=0.79),), I2=0%合并效应量的检验:合并效应量的检验:Z=2.93 (P=0.003)术后死亡研究或亚组研究或亚组腹腔镜腹腔镜 n/N开腹开腹 n/NOR(fixed) 95%CI权重权重%OR(fixed) 95%CI0.10.20.512510有利于腹腔镜有利于开腹 小小 结结 目前总体上缺乏设计良好的临床研究来论述各种病理状况下肝癌的手术指征目前总体上缺乏设计良好的临床研究来
30、论述各种病理状况下肝癌的手术指征 门脉高压症并非肝切除术的绝对反指证,尽管可能影响肝癌术后远期疗效门脉高压症并非肝切除术的绝对反指证,尽管可能影响肝癌术后远期疗效 足够证据示如果肿瘤分期较早,肝功能在足够证据示如果肿瘤分期较早,肝功能在 Child-PughChild-Pugh B B之下,应考虑肝移之下,应考虑肝移 植术植术 多发或多发或/ /和肿瘤体积较大的肝癌也不能排除肝切除和肿瘤体积较大的肝癌也不能排除肝切除, ,需要更多前瞻性研究需要更多前瞻性研究 比较其与其他区域性治疗如比较其与其他区域性治疗如TACETACE的疗效的疗效 (Evidence 3A; strength C2 (Ev
31、idence 3A; strength C2 EASL-EORTC Guidelines 2011)EASL-EORTC Guidelines 2011) 足够证据示单发大肝癌,如果技术允许应考虑肝切除术足够证据示单发大肝癌,如果技术允许应考虑肝切除术 极早期肝癌极早期肝癌(2cm)(2cm),射频消融可能达到肝切除的疗效,射频消融可能达到肝切除的疗效, , 相当样本量的对照研相当样本量的对照研 究仍然需要究仍然需要 位置较好的肝癌,尤其是早期者,腹腔镜肝切除术表现较好,但仍然需要与位置较好的肝癌,尤其是早期者,腹腔镜肝切除术表现较好,但仍然需要与 传统开腹手术作前瞻性研究比较传统开腹手术作前瞻性研究比较 (EASL-EORTC Guidelines 2011)(EASL-EORTC Guidelines 2011)