1、UNIT 1 The mass mediaGrammar and usageGrammar and usagePast perfect tenseLead in Past perfect Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Look at the sentences and answer the questions.1 1In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or In sentence (a), which action happe
2、ned first, “suspected” or “evolved from a common ancestor”? “evolved from a common ancestor”? In sentence (a), “evolved from a common ancestor” happened first.aDarwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans
3、, had evolved from lower forms of life. Lead in Past perfect Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Look at the sentences and answer the questions.2 2In sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to In sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to believe” or “
4、evolved from lower forms of life”? believe” or “evolved from lower forms of life”? In sentence (b), “evolved from lower forms of life” happened first. aDarwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had ev
5、olved from lower forms of life. Lead in Past perfect Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Look at the sentences and answer the questions.3 3What does the structure What does the structure had done had done indicate? indicate? It indicates the action happened before a certain p
6、ast action. aDarwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. Lead in Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given Complete the paragraphs with the inform
7、ation from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. happened. 1a Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s. b Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice. c Yuan Longping developed a better ty
8、pe of rice. Yuan Longping 1 to do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters 2 food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3 a better type of rice. began had led to developedLead in Complete the paragraphs with the information from the given Complete the paragraphs with the information from t
9、he given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. happened. 2a Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. b Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about genetics.c Greg
10、or Mendel died in 1884. Gregor Mendel 4 study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he 5 important discoveries about genetics. chose to had madeBelow is the short life story of Joseph Pulitzer. Find the sentences that use the past perfect te
11、nse and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.Exploring the rulesPulitzer quickly became a successful journalist and by the age of 25，he had become a publisher. He used the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-Dispatch.Working out the rules We often use th
12、e past perfect tense to talk about something that happened (1) _ (before/after) a past time. The verb form of the past perfect tense is “(2) _ (have/had)done”.Grammar notes page 98beforehad Applying the rules1 Pulitzer knew that he had learned very little English, so he had started to work hard at t
13、he language.2 Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours.3 For the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journalist and publisher.4 Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931.B1Circle the mistak
14、es and correct them in the blanks below._ had worked_ By_ had workedApplying the rulesB2Below is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below.The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of awards honoring excellence in journalism andthe arts. The prizes wer
15、e established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer, who (1) _ his reputation as a newspaper publisher. He left money in his 1904 will to fund the establishment of the prizes, stating that he wanted four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one for education, and five traveling s
16、cholarships. Since the first prizes (2) _ in 1917, there have been many winners and some people have won more than once. Past winners include such famous names as Eugene ONeill. When ONeill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the fourth time he (3) _ it.builtwere awardedhad won Appl
17、ying the rulesThere have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Prizes over time. Someof these resulted from advances in technology. For example, online contentfrom newspaper websites (4) _ in all of the journalism categories since 2006. The Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded to include such categ
18、ories as photography and music. Nevertheless, journalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best known for. Today, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the highest achievement possible in journalismjust as Pulitzer (5) _.has been allowedintendedApplying the rulesB3Zou Taofen wa
19、s a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. Read the timeline below and describe his life story using the past perfect tense. Use the example below to help you.Applying the rulesZou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. He was born in Fujian in 1895. By the time he was 26，he had gra
20、duated from university. By the time he was 27，he had become an editor. By the time he was 31，Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly. By the time he was 36，he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasion. By the time he was 40，he had started a new journal called Life of the Ma
21、sses. In 1944，he died in Shanghai.过去完成时过去完成时 1 过去完成时的构成和用法 构成：构成：had + 动词的过去分词 用法：用法： （1）表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这一过去时间可用by，before 等构成的短语及when， before，after，by the time 等引导的状语从句表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。 By the end of last year, we had produced had produced 20,000 cable cars. 到去年年底，我们已经生产了两万辆缆车
22、。 The barber had shavedhad shaved himself before attending yesterdays wedding. 理发师在参加昨天的婚礼前剃了胡子。 By the time we got there, the film had had already begunbegun. 我们到达那里时，电影已经开始了。 She found she had left had left her luggage on the bus. 她发现她把行李忘在公共汽车上了。附：单元语法全解附：单元语法全解 （2）表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，这个动作可
23、能还要延续下去，常与for，since 构成的表示一段时间的短语或since 引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。 The worker said he had worked had worked for the employer since last year. 这个工人说他从去年开始就为雇主工作。 I met Wang Tao on a cable car yesterday. We hadhadnt seen seen each other since he went to Beijing. 我昨天在缆车上遇见了王涛。自从他去了北京，我们就没有见过面。 （ 3 ） 表 示 过 去 未 曾 实
24、现 的 愿 望 、 打 算 或 意 图 等 。 常 用 h a d h o p e d / planned/meant/intended/thought/ wanted/expected 等，相当于上述动词过去式接不定式完成式，即“hoped/planned/. + to have done”。 I had planned had planned to come, but I was prevented by the bad weather. 我本来打算来的，但被坏天气阻止了。 They had hoped had hoped to talk about cooperation, but th
25、ey had a tight schedule. 他们本想谈谈合作的事，但他们的日程很紧。 I had intended had intended to call on you, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本打算去拜访你的，但是来了一位不速之客。单句语法填空单句语法填空（1）By the end of last year, he （collect）more than 10 foreign records. （2）I （finish）my homework before I had supper. （3）John and Jane （know）each
26、other for a long time before they got married. （4）He said that great changes （take） place in his hometown since 1990. （5）It was six and he was tired because he （work）since the day broke. （6）When the police found him, the criminal （be） in the cave for nearly a month. （7）They （want）to help but couldnt
27、 get there in time. （8）He （hope）to catch the 8:00 bus, but he found it gone. 完成句子完成句子（9）When he reached the nearby shop, it （已经关门了）. （10）I （原本想做一个蛋糕）, but I ran out of time. （11）They （原本计划休息）in the caf, but something unexpected happened. had collectedhad planned to have a resthad finished had known
28、had taken had worked had been had wanted had hoped had already been closedhad intended to make a cake 2 常用过去完成时的句式 （1）It/This/That was the first/second.time that sb. had done sth. 这/ 那是某人第一次/ 第二次做某事。 It was the third time that he had made had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。 This was the second
29、 time that he had lost had lost his job that year. 这是他那一年第二次失业。 （2）表示“一就”的hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，含hardly/scarcely，no sooner 的分句常用过去完成时，且当hardly，scarcely，no sooner 置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。 I had had hardly/scarcely answered answered the teacher when he interrupted me. =Hardly/Scarcely had ha
30、d I answered answered the teacher when he interrupted me. 我还没来得及回答老师的问题，他就打断了我的话。 We had had no sooner been seated been seated than the bus started. =No sooner had had we been seated been seated than the bus started. 我们刚坐下，公共汽车就开了。 （3）虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句和wish/would rather/only if后的从句中用过去完成时。 I w
31、ish I had been had been at your party last Tuesday. 我希望上周二我参加了你的聚会。 单句语法填空单句语法填空 （1）This was the second time that the musician （tour）Europe. （2）The audience had hardly been seated the saxophone solo started. （3）If he （take）your advice, he would have passed the driving test. （4）I would rather you （be
32、）here yesterday. 句型转换句型转换 （5）I had no sooner finished the work than the light went out. = （hardly.when.） = （倒装句）had touredwhenhad takenhad been I had hardly finished the work when the light went out.No sooner had I finished the work than the light went out. 3 过去完成时与其他时态的区别 （1 1）过去完成时与一般过去时的区别：）过去完成时
33、与一般过去时的区别： 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作，即 “过去的过去”；而一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。 Mr. Smith died died yesterday. He had been had been a good friend of mine. 史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。 The police stopped stopped me on my way home last night. 昨晚我在回家的路上被警察拦住了。 在含有after 或before 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，由于主句和从句的动作先后关系明显，所以可用一般过去
34、时代替过去完成时。 After he（hadhad） left left the room, the employer came in. 他离开房间后，老板进来了。 We（hadhad）arrived arrived home before it snowed. 我们在下雪前到了家。 “时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，句子用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，句子用一般过去时。 He said the composer had died had died 10 years beforebefore. 他说这位作曲家已于十年前去世。 He left left schoo
35、l three years agoago. 他三年前离开了学校。 （2 2）过去完成时和现在完成时的区别：）过去完成时和现在完成时的区别： 现在完成时以“现在”作为时间参照来谈论过去；而过去完成时则以“过去”作为时间参照来谈论更远的过去。 I have lived have lived in Beijing for one year. 我已经在北京住了一年了。（到现在为止） I had lived had lived in Shanghai for three years before I went to Beijing. 在去北京之前我曾在上海住了三年。（动作发生在去北京之前） 单句语法填空
36、单句语法填空 （1）My friend Andrew （live）in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England. （2）He once （work）as a lecturer， but now he is a manager. （3）词汇复现His brother （be）the conductor of the orchestra for many years. （4）He （learn）maths all by himself by the age of fourteen. 完成句子完成句子 （5）And
37、rew （犯了一个大错误）because he had thought of everything except the weather. （ 6 ） I d i d n t k n o w a t h i n g a b o u t t h e v e r b s , f o r I （没有好好学我的功课）. 翻译句子翻译句子 （7）他们5 点钟已经完成了他们的作业。 _ （8）他们是5 点钟完成的作业。 _had livedworkedhas beenhad learnedmade a big mistakehad not studied my lesson well They had finished their homework at five oclock. They finished their homework at five oclock.Homework1.Choose one of the following three topics to write a short passage using past perfect tense.p My Favourite Filmp My Favourite Actor/Actressp My Favourite Newspaper2. Finish the workbook.
