1、Unit 1 The mass media Grammar and usageLearning objectivesBy the end of this section, you will be able to:1. understand the usage of the past perfect tense;2. identify the verb form of the past perfect tense;3. use the right forms of the past perfect tense to correct the mistakes and complete an art
2、icle;4. apply the past perfect tense in new situations.Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.In sentence (a), which action happened first, “suspected” or “evolved from a common ancestor”? In sentence (a), “evolved from a common ancestor” happened first.aDarwin suspected that th
3、e finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. Lead inIn sentence (b), which action happened first, “refused to believe” or “evolved from lower forms of life”? In sentence (b), “evolved from
4、lower forms of life” happened first. aDarwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Lead inIt indicates th
5、e action happened before a certain past action. aDarwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, . bMany people refused to believe that living things, including humans, had evolved from lower forms of life. Past perfect Look at the sentences and answer the questions.Lead inComp
6、lete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The sentences are in the order in which they happened. 1a Natural disasters led to food shortages in the 1960s. b Yuan Longping began to do research on hybrid rice. c Yuan Longping developed a better type of rice. Yuan Longping 1 to
7、do research on hybrid rice because natural disasters 2 food shortages in the 1960s. In the end, he 3 a better type of rice. began had led to developedLead in2a Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. b Gregor Mendel made important discoveries about
8、 genetics.c Gregor Mendel died in 1884. Gregor Mendel 4 study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control. By the time of his death in 1884, he 5 important discoveries about genetics. chose to had madeComplete the paragraphs with the information from the given sentences. The senten
9、ces are in the order in which they happened. Lead inExploring the rulesRead the short life story of Joseph Pulitzer and find the sentences that use the past perfect tense. The first one has been done for you.by then he had learnt very little English. by the age of 25, he had become a publisher.He us
10、ed the same business strategy he had employed at the St Louis Post-DispatchExploring the rulesWorking out the rulesWe often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened (1) _ (before/after) a past action or state.The verb form of the past perfect tense is “(2) _ (have/had) done”.
11、beforehadExploring the rulesGrammar notes过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时的概念与结构特点过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在Grammar notes过去完成时过去完成时构成构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She ha
12、d finished writing the composition by 10: 00 this morning.Grammar notes过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时的过去完成时的用法用法1. 过去完成时用来描述过去某一时间之前发生的动作或存在的状态。 He had tried his best although he failed. It surprised me that she had been out of work for a year.2. 过去完成时有时用来表示没有实现的愿望，主要用于want 、 hope 、 intend 等词。 I had wanted to help
13、 you, but I was too busy then.Grammar notes3. 过去完成时可以用于 hardly . when .或 no sooner . than . 等结构，表示“一就”。 I had hardly entered the classroom when the bell rang. No sooner had he got to the station than the bus arrived.4. 过去完成时常有 by 、when 等引导的时间状语作为标志。 I had finished reading the novel by the end of las
14、t week. He had learnt English for ten years when he graduated from high school.Grammar notes5. 如果 before 引导时间状语从句，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时；如果after 引导时间状语从句，从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 John (had) left before I came home. He began to write a review after he (had) watched the film twice.Circle the mistakes and correct t
15、hem in the blanks below.1 Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, so he had started to work hard at the language._Pulitzer knew that he had learnt very little English, so he started to work hard at the language.Applying the rulesB12 Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he
16、arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours. _ _3 For the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a successful journalist and publisher. _ _Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he had worked for over 10 hours.By the time he was 25, Pulitzer had be
17、come a successful journalist and publisher.4 Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931. _ _Many of the best reporters had worked for his paper before its failure in 1931.win build intend award allowBelow is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with t
18、he correct forms of the verbs in the box below.The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of 21 awards honoring excellence in journalism and the arts. The prizes were established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer, who (1) _ his reputation as a newspaper publisher. He left money in his 1904 will to fu
19、nd the establishment of the prizes, stating that he wanted four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one for education, and five traveling scholarships. builtApplying the rulesB2Since the first prizes (2) _ in 1917, there have been many winners and many people have won more than once. Pa
20、st winners include such famous names as Eugene ONeill. When ONeill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the fourth time he (3) _ one.were awardedhad wonwin build intend award allowThere have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Prizes over time. Some of these resulted from advanc
21、es in technology. For example, online content from newspaper websites (4) _ in all of the journalism categories since 2006. the Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded to include such categories as photography and music. Nevertheless, journalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best known for. Today
22、, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the highest achievement possible in journalism-just as Pulitzer (5) _.has been allowedhad intendedwin build intend award allowB2How many awards did Pulitzer want when he left money in his 1904 will?Answer the questionsPulitzer wanted 9 awards
23、 in his will, including 4 in journalism, 4 in letters and drama and 1 for education.B2How many times had ONeill won the Pulitzer Prize in Drama before 1957?Answer the questionsBefore 1957, ONeill had won the Pulitzer Prize in Drama three times.B2What new categories have been included in the Pulitzer
24、 Prizes?Answer the questionsThe Pulitzer Prizes have allowed online content from newspaper websites in all of the journalism categories and have also expanded to include categories such as photography and music.Zou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. Read the timeline below and des
25、cribe his life story using the past perfect tense.B3ExampleBy the time he was 31, Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly.Zou Taofen was born in Fujian in 1895. After he had graduated from university in 1921, he became an editor. Before he started a new journal Life of the Masses in 19
26、35, he had started campaigning against the Japanese invasion in 1931. He died in Shanghai in 1944.Example 1 Zou Taofen was a famous Chinese journalist and publisher. He was born in 1895,in Fujian. He graduated from university at the age of twenty-six, in 1921. The next year, he became an editor. By
27、the time he was 31, Zou Taofen had become the chief editor of Life Weekly. In 1931, he started campaigning against the Japanese invasion. By the time he was 40, he had started a new journal called Life of theMasses. Zou had established himself as a famous journalist and publisher before he died in Shanghai in 1944.Example 2Thanks
