1、牛津英语单元词汇详解选择性必修二Unit 3 Fit for lifeWord listsSupportive sentences1. surgeon /sdn/ n. 外科医生 (29)2. physician /fzn/ n. 医师，内科医生 (29)3. chemist /kemst/ n. 药剂师，药商；化学家 (29)4. dentist /dentst/ n. 牙科医生 (29)5. specialize /spelaz/ vi.专门研究（或从事），专攻 (29)【原句背诵】a A surgeon performs operations.b A physician is train
2、ed in general medicine.c A chemist prepares and sells medicinesin a shop.d A dentist specializes in the care of peoples teeth. 【拓展】surgery n. 外科；外科手术；外科学surgical adj.外科的；手术的 n.外科手术；外科病房 specialization n. 专门化；专业化specialist n. 专家；专门医师 adj. 专家的；专业的Tom is a University professor who specializes in the hi
3、story of the Russian empire. 汤姆是一位专门研究沙俄历史的大学教授。The shop specializes in hand-made chocolates. 这家商店专营手工制作的巧克力。This degree offers a major specialization in social policy alongside a course in sociology. 该学位提供一门社会政策主专业课和一门社会学课程。【链接高考】（2010四川卷）Opened in 1992, ALRL specializes in the development of new m
4、edicines for the treatment of heart diseases. ALRL成立于1992年，专门开发治疗心脏病的新药。6. *gene /din/ n. 基因 (30)【原句背诵】The future in our genes7. game-changing /gem tend/ adj. 改变游戏规则的（指彻底改变事态发展的）(30)8. *genome /dinm/ n. 基因组，染色体组(30)【原句背诵】Over the course of my career, I have seen many wonderful scientific development
5、s, but none are as game-changing as genome editing.Ive learned a few game-changing tips that have made traveling easier and more enjoyable.我学到了一些至关重要的技巧，它们使我的旅途变得更简单，更有趣。Then again, perhaps the quest for a cleaner environment shouldnt rely on the hunt for a game-changing technology. 也许，寻求清洁环境，不应该指望某
6、项能改变事态发展的科技。9. cell /sel/ n. 细胞 (30)10. being /bi/ n. 生物；存在；身心 (30)【原句背诵】The complete set of genes inside a cell or any living being is called a genome.【拓展】blood cells 血细胞the nucleus of a cell 细胞核stem cell 干细胞human beings 人come into being形成；产生bringinto being 使开始；使进入某种状态【熟词生义】cell还有其他含义：单身小屋（牢房）；电池；电
7、话，手机。Those cells divide and give many other different types of cells. 那些细胞分裂后形成许多其他不同类型的细胞。The Peoples Republic of China came into being on 1st , 1949.中华人民共和国成立于1949年10月1日。A new era was brought into being by the war. 那场战争使得一个新的时代产生了。11. *lifespan /lafspn/ n. 寿命，有效期 (30)12. affect /fekt/ vt. 影响；侵袭，使感
8、染；深深打动 (30)13. contract /kntrkt/ vt. 感染疾病；与订立合同（或契约）；（使）收缩/kntrkt/ n. 合同，合约 (30)【原句背诵】It also contains information that helps determine our lifespan and affects our chances of contracting certain diseases. 【拓展】affection n. 喜爱，感情；影响；感染to enter into/make/sign a contract with the supplier 与供应商签订合同a con
9、tract for the supply of vehicles 车辆供应合约contraction n. 收缩；紧缩；承包contractor n. 承包人；立契约者【反义词】contract意思是“收缩”时，其反义词是expand。Arthritis is a crippling（严重的）disease which affects people all over the world. 关节炎是一种严重影响健康、困扰全人类的疾病。More than ten million people in Africa have been affected by drought. 非洲有一千多万人受到了干
10、旱的影响。The spread of Covid 19 pandemic affects one in ten people in the USA. 在美国，每十个人就有一个人感染新冠肺炎。He contracted AIDS from a blood transfusion. 他因一次输血感染了艾滋病。The exercise consists of stretching and contracting the leg muscles. 此项训练包括伸展和收缩腿部肌肉。The company won a hefty contract for work on Chicagos tallest
11、building. 公司赢得了芝加哥最高建筑的重要施工合同。【链接高考】（2021全国乙卷）Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions. 事实上，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话
12、会影响创作过程，而一个共同工作的空间或咖啡馆在不受干扰的同时，也会有一定程度的噪音。（2020江苏卷）Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health. 运动员和科学家早就知道进餐时间会影响成绩。然而，人们对进餐时间和运动如何影响总体健康的了解却少之又少。（2016全国卷II）Are you inte
13、rested in becoming a musician and getting a recording contract(合同)? 你是否有兴趣成为一名音乐家并获得一份唱片合同?（2013四川卷）Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩) and pumping blood around their bodies, compared with the point
14、when the heartbeat is relaxed. 对健康志愿者的测试发现，与心跳放松时相比，当他们的心脏收缩并向全身泵血时，他们更有可能感到恐惧。14. virus /vars/ n. 病毒；（计算机程序中的）病毒 (30)15. cancer /kns(r)/ n. 癌症；邪恶，毒瘤 (30)【原句背诵】Some people, for example, carry a gene that makes them more likely to catch a certain virus or develop a particular form of cancer.16. ident
15、ify /adentfa/ vt. 找到，发现；确认，认出；显示，说明身份 (30)17. relate /rlet/ vi. & vt. 联系，使有联系；叙述，讲述 (30)18. means /minz/ n. (pl. means) 方法，方式；财富，钱财 (30)【原句背诵】Geneticists have been trying to identify which genes relate to which diseases, as they believe genome editing is an effective means of disease treatment and p
16、revention. 【拓展】identify sb/sthg (as sb/sthg) 确认；认出；鉴定identification n. 鉴定，识别；认同；身份证明relate A (to B) 联系；使有联系；把联系起来relate sthg. (to sb) 叙述；讲述；讲（故事）be related to/with 有联系relative n. 亲戚；相关物 adj. 相对的；有关系的relation n. 关系；叙述；故事；亲属relationship n. 关系；关联by means of 用，依靠by no means 决不【误区】means作“方法，方式”时，单数和复数同形，
17、但是其作主语时，要根据修饰语再判断是单数意义还是复数意义。Every possible means has been tried, but none proves practical. All possible means have been tried, but none prove practical. Police have already identified 10 murder suspects. 警方已经确认了10名谋杀嫌疑犯。Scientists have identified a link between diet and cancer. 科学家发现了饮食与癌症之间的关联。In
18、 many cases, the clothes people wear identify them as belonging to a particular social class. 很多情况下，人们的穿着显示出他们的社会阶层。I found it difficult to relate the two ideas in my mind. 我觉得很难把这两种想法联系在一起。In the future, pay increases will be related to productivity. 以后，工资的增涨要和业绩挂钩。Trainees should be invited to rel
19、ate new ideas to their past experiences. 应该要求实习生把新想法与他们的以往经历相联系。She relates her childhood experiences in the first chapters. 在开始的几章中，她描述了自己童年的经历。WeChat is an effective means of communication. 微信是一种有效的通信手段。We needed to get to London but we had no means of transport. 我们需要赶往伦敦，但却没有任何交通工具。Private school
20、 fees are beyond the means of most people (= more than they can afford). 私立学校的费用是大多数人无力支付的。【链接高考】（2020天津卷）Your student ID card identifies you as a student at the University of Bolton. 你的学生证表明你是博尔顿大学的学生。（2013浙江卷）He helped me identify my weaknesses and strengths. 他帮助我认清自己的弱点和长处。（2017北京卷）The real probl
21、em relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. 真正的问题在于，人工智能可能会非常擅长取得某个成就，但不是我们真正想要的东西。（2012福建卷）Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but especially in the area which relate to our
22、ability to use languages, and to understand how other people feel. Researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. 毫无疑问，我们的大脑中到处都有镜像神经元，尤其是在与我们使用语言和理解他人感受能力有关的区域。研究人员发现镜像神经元与语言密切相关。（2016安徽卷）Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical
23、 world in this waythat they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. 一些心理学家认为，幼儿通过这种方式学习的不仅仅是物质世界他们用类似的方法研究人类心理和语言规则。（2015上海卷）At a time of limited means of expression, snow was like free art supplies dropped from the sky. 在一个表达手段有限的时代，雪就像从天而降的免费艺术品。19. delete /dlit
24、/ vt. 删去，删除 (30)【原句背诵】It allows geneticists to make changes to the genome by correcting, adding, deleting or replacing specific parts of the genetic material.He also deleted files from the computer system. 他也从计算机系统中删除了文件。Your name has been deleted from the list. 你的名字已从名单上删掉。20. restore /rst(r)/ vt.
25、恢复；修复；使复原，使复位 (31)【原句背诵】Soon we may be able to use such treatments to restore a blind persons vision or give someone who was born deaf an excellent sense of hearing.【拓展】restore sthg. (to sb) 恢复（某种情况或感受）restore sb/sthg. to sthg. 使复原；使复位；使复职restoration n. 恢复；复位；修复；归还The measures are intended to restor
26、e public confidence in the economy. 这些举措旨在恢复公众对经济的信心。The operation restored his sight (= made him able to see again). 手术使他恢复了视力。The doctors will restore the patient to health but it may take time. 医生会让病人恢复健康，但这或许需要时间。Vice presidents visit is expected to lead to the restoration of diplomatic relation
27、s. 副总统的访问预计会带来外交关系的恢复。【链接高考】（2021全国甲卷）It (41) was built (build) originally to protect the city (42) in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). 它最初是在唐代修建的，用来保护这座城市，现在已经完全修复了。（2021浙江卷）Beautifully restored（修复）to its 1860 appearance, the house was Abraham and Mary Lincolns home for 1
28、7 years. 这座房子被完美地恢复到了1860年的样子，亚伯拉罕和玛丽林肯在这里住了17年。（2018江苏卷）In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. 在秘鲁，当地的农民已经
29、开始把整个山峰刷成白色，希望增加的反射能恢复赖以生存的冰。21. ultimately /ltmtli/ adv. 最终；根本上 (31) 22. abnormal /bnml/ adj. 反常的，畸形的(31)【原句背诵】Ultimately, this new technology might even make it possible to prevent diseases from ever developing by correcting abnormal genes early on.【拓展】ultimate adj. 最终的；极限的；根本的n. 终极；根本；基本原则【反义词】ab
30、normal的反义词是normal。Ultimately, youll have to make the decision yourself. 最终你还是得自己拿主意。Whatever the scientists ultimately conclude, all of their data will immediately be disputed（争论）. 无论科学家们最终得出什么结论，他们的所有数据将随即受到质疑。He said it is still not possible to predict the ultimate outcome. 他说现在还不可能预测最终的结果。Ballet
31、is the ultimate in human movement. 芭蕾舞是人类动作的至美。The climate around the globe is a bit abnormal in 2021. 在2021年，世界各地的气候有些反常。23. weapon /wepn/ n. 武器，手段；兵器 (31)24. fundamental /fndmentl/ adj. 十分重大的，根本的；基础的，基本的n. 基本规律，根本法则，基础 (31)【原句背诵】Genome editing, serving as a new weapon in the fight against diseases
32、, will lead to a fundamental change in our approach to health care.【拓展】be fundamental to基础的；基本的Hard work is fundamental to success. 勤奋工作是成功的基础。【同义词】fundamental意思是“基础的，基本的”时，其同义词可用essential/basic。The man was charged with carrying an offensive weapon. 那人被指控携带攻击性武器。Education is the only weapon to fight
33、 the spread of the disease. 教育是战胜这一疾病蔓延的唯一手段。But the two leaders have very fundamental differences on this question. 但两位领导人在这个问题上分歧很大。A fundamental change in the organization of health services was required. 公共医疗在组织上需要有一个根本性的变革。He taught me the fundamentals of the job. 他教给了我这工作的基本知识。【链接高考】（2018江苏卷）T
34、he sustainable success of small farmers, though, wont happen without fundamental changes to the industry. 然而，如果这个行业没有根本性的变革，小农户的可持续成功就不会发生。（2015安徽卷）Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. 食物以两种基本方式作为交流的一种形式。25. pace /pes/ n. 发生的速度，节奏；步速；快节奏 vi. & vt. 来回踱步，走来走去；确定速度，调整节奏 (31)2
35、6. arise /raz/ vi. (arose, arisen) 发生，出现；（由）引起，（因）产生 (31)【原句背诵】As the technology continues to develop at a fast pace, however, questions arise about how to use it appropriately. 【拓展】keep pace (with sb./sthg.)（与）并驾齐驱；（与）步调一致set the pace 领先；起领头作用；定速度at a pace (of) 以的速度arise out of/from（由）引起；（因）产生【误区】a
36、rise是不及物动词，不能直接带宾语，使用时需和适当的介词连用。同时注意过去式和过去分词是不规则变化！【比较】arouse意思是“引起；唤醒；鼓励”，作及物动词时，直接带宾语。The students are encouraged to work at their own pace (= as fast or as slow as they can). 我们鼓励学生都按自己的节奏学习。The old man prefers the relaxed pace of life in the country. 老人喜爱乡间那悠闲的生活节奏。Hell have to learn to pace him
37、self in this job. 他必须学会使自己适应这项工作的节奏。We keep them informed of any changes as they arise. 如有任何变化，我们随时通知他们。Emotional or mental problems can arise from a physical cause. 身体上的原因可以引起情绪或精神上的问题。The advertisement and packaging are methods used to arouse consumers curiosity. 广告和包装是用来引起消费者好奇心的手段。【链接高考】（2020全国卷
38、I）According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking. 根据大多数计算，竞走者以每小时6英里的速度运动每小时将燃烧约800卡路里，大约是步行所燃烧热量的两倍。（2015重庆卷）In the evening, rides are usually at a more
39、 relaxed and unhurried pace. 在晚上，骑车通常更放松，节奏缓慢。27. restrict /rstrkt/ vt. 限制，限定；束缚，妨碍；约束，管束 (31)【原句背诵】Should we restrict our use of this technology to the treatment and prevention of diseases?【拓展】restrict sthg. (to sthg.)限制，限定（数量、范围等）restrict sthg. (to sb.)（以法规）限制restrict oneself/sb (to sth/to doing s
40、th) 约束；管束restriction n. 限制；约束；束缚import/speed/travel, etc. restrictions 进口、速度、旅行等限制to impose/place a restriction on sthg. 对某事实行限制【同义词】limit vt. 限制；限定 n. 限制；限度；界线Tension and stress restrict blood flow to the head. 紧张与压力会对阻碍血液流向脑部。Speed is restricted to 30mph in towns. 在城里车速不得超过每小时30英里。Access to the cl
41、ub is restricted to members only. 俱乐部仅对会员开放。I restrict myself to one cup of coffee a day. 我限制自己每天只喝一杯咖啡。The government has agreed to lift restrictions on press freedom. 政府已经同意撤销对新闻自由的限制。Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay ageing and increase longevity in humans, too. 这些发现表明，限
42、制热量摄入也可以延缓衰老，延长人类寿命。【链接高考】（2020江苏卷）Jan 23: Wuhan declared temporary outbound (向外的) traffic restrictions. 1月23日：武汉市宣布临时出境交通管制。（2020江苏卷）Apr 8: Wuhan lifted outbound traffic restrictions. 4月8日：武汉取消出境交通管制。（2018天津卷）On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, becaus
43、e meat and milk products may easily go bad. 另外，大多数3D食品打印机现在仅限于干燥的原料，因为肉类和奶制品很容易变质。28. prohibit /prhbt/ vt.（尤指以法令）禁止；使不可能 (31)29. prohibit sb from doing sth 禁止某人做某事 (31)【原句背诵】Should we prohibit geneticists from using it to enhance healthy bodies?【拓展】prohibition n. 禁止；禁令【误区1】表示“禁止某人做某事”还可以用以下结构：ban/st
44、op/keep/prevent/discourage sb. from doing sthg.。当介词from后接动词-ing形式表示主动意义时，from可以省略（但是用动词keep时不能省略！）。当介词from后动词-ing形式表示被动意义时，from不能省略。【误区2】因为keepdoing和keepfrom doing意义完全不同，因此表示“禁止做某事”时，介词from不能省略，The council has passed a law that prohibits tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines. 议会通过一项禁止在报纸和杂
45、志上刊登烟草广告的法律。The high cost of equipment prohibits many people from taking up this sport. 昂贵的装备令许多人对这项运动望而却步。（本句中from可以省略）Citizens in North Korea are prohibited from travelling abroad. 朝鲜的公民被禁止出国旅游。（本句中from一般不省略）The local government has taken stronger measures to prevent the river from being polluted
46、further. 当地政府已采取更强有力的措施来防止这条河进一步受到污染。（本句中from一般不省略）Embarrassment has kept me from doing all sorts of things. 尴尬使得我什么也做不了。【链接高考】（2018浙江卷）The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. 在加州，包括洛杉矶在内的90个城市禁止使用塑料袋。（2015天津卷）Please note that any prohibited items will be take
47、n away by the Office of Residence Life. 请注意，任何违禁物品将由社区办公室拿走。30. resistance /rzstns/ n. 抵抗力；抵制，反对；抵抗，反抗 (31)31. flu /flu/ n. 流行性感冒，流感 (31)【原句背诵】One day soon we will be able to use genomeediting to increase the human resistance to colds and flus, to make people taller, to help their muscles develop faster, to sharpen all of their senses or to make them more intelligent.【拓展】resist vi. 抵抗，抗拒；忍耐 vt. 抵抗；忍耐，忍住resistant adj. 抵抗的，反抗的；顽固的n. 抵抗者There has been a lot of resistance to this new law. 这项新的法规已经遇到很多的抵制。Resistance to change has nearly destroyed the indu
