1、Request letter 1Request letter 1 Dear xxx, How are you? I hope you had a fabulous Chinese New Year holiday. I cannot believe it has almost been 4.5 years since I graduated from PolyU (language for Business 2001-2004) and although I have always wanted to study more in the past few years, working life
2、 seems to have occupied most of my time. Last time I happened to be looking at the university website and noticed that many of the staff who taught me before have left the department already, so next time I drop by I suppose I will see a number of new faces. As the economy situation is going down hi
3、ll at the moment, I thought I must do something to improve my personal skills and get more qualifications, therefore I am planning to take action in my study plan and apply for a master course at CU. Do you think would it be possible for you to kindly help me write one of my references? I know this
4、could be taking up some of your time while you are busy with the semester. If it is not so convenient, please let me know. :D Thank you very much in advance. I look forward to hearing from you soon and all the best in 2009. Good health too! Best regards, xxxRequest letter 2Request letter 2 Dear xxx,
5、 I hope you are keeping well. Xxx and I are co-editing a Handbook of xxx for xxx (apply titled The xxx Handbook of xxx!). We are hoping that you will be interested in contributing a chapter on: What can xxx tell us about language teaching? Xxx is offering xxx as a fee for this. We are in the process
6、 of finalising deadlines bus we can say that the first draft of the chapter would be due around August/September2009. The chapter length is 7,000 words inclusive. If you agree to accept the invitation to contribute, we will send you more details and guidelines. Xxx will also send you a contract. We
7、would be grateful therefore if you could providing us with the mailing address you wish to use for correspondence. We look forward to hearing from you. Please feel free to get back to us with any questions that you may have. All bests, Xxx and xxx一、汉语和英语的语篇结构差异一、汉语和英语的语篇结构差异 思维方式思维方式存在差异，导致其语篇组织结存在差
8、异，导致其语篇组织结构也会因文化而异。构也会因文化而异。 对于学习外语的人来讲，尽管掌握了目对于学习外语的人来讲，尽管掌握了目的语的语法规则，但因缺乏对目的语的语的语法规则，但因缺乏对目的语语篇语篇组织规律组织规律的认识或敏感性，常常会无意识的认识或敏感性，常常会无意识地把本族语的语篇组织规则迁移到目的语地把本族语的语篇组织规则迁移到目的语中去，因而造成语篇结构的的差异，导致中去，因而造成语篇结构的的差异，导致交际失误。交际失误。思维模式思维模式 (Robert B. Kaplan)：汉语和朝语汉语和朝语英语英语拉丁语拉丁语俄语俄语闪米特语闪米特语 中国：受中国：受“天人合一天人合一”及及“关
9、系关系”取向的影响，思维取向的影响，思维方式以方式以直觉，具体和圆型直觉，具体和圆型为特征。为特征。 汉语的语篇结构主流倾向呈现为一种汉语的语篇结构主流倾向呈现为一种逐步达到高潮逐步达到高潮的的方式，层层递进，起承转合，渐入佳境，画龙点睛。方式，层层递进，起承转合，渐入佳境，画龙点睛。 汉语语篇表达中，表示汉语语篇表达中，表示因果、条件、转折、让步因果、条件、转折、让步等关等关系的句式比较常用，成为汉语语篇结构的形式特征之系的句式比较常用，成为汉语语篇结构的形式特征之一。如：一。如： 因为因为A A，B B，C C，所以，所以D D。 如果如果A A，B B，C C，那么，那么D D。 虽然虽
10、然A A，B B，C C，但是，但是D D。 尽管尽管A A，B B，C C，然而，然而D D。（一）汉语语篇结构的思路（一）汉语语篇结构的思路归纳式归纳式（Inductive）西方（英语国家）：思维方式在语篇结构上的西方（英语国家）：思维方式在语篇结构上的投射表现为投射表现为分析、抽象、显性分析、抽象、显性的特征。的特征。开门见开门见山、直入主题山、直入主题。谈话、写文章习惯于把话题放在最前面，引起谈话、写文章习惯于把话题放在最前面，引起听话人或读者的重视。听话人或读者的重视。“果果”在在“因因”之前。之前。（二）英语语语篇结构的思路（二）英语语语篇结构的思路演绎式演绎式（Deductive
11、）Request letter 1Request letter 1 Dear xxx, How are you? I hope you had a fabulous Chinese New Year holiday. I cannot believe it has almost been 4.5 years since I graduated from PolyU (language for Business 2001-2004) and although I have always wanted to study more in the past few years, working lif
12、e seems to have occupied most of my time. Last time I happened to be looking at the university website and noticed that many of the staff who taught me before have left the department already, so next time I drop by I suppose I will see a number of new faces. As the economy situation is going down h
13、ill at the moment, I thought I must do something to improve my personal skills and get more qualifications, therefore I am planning to take action in my study plan and apply for a master course at CU. Do you think would it be possible for you to kindly help me write one of my references? I know this
14、 could be taking up some of your time while you are busy with the semester. If it is not so convenient, please let me know. :D Thank you very much in advance. I look forward to hearing from you soon and all the best in 2009. Good health too! Best regards, xxxRequest letter 2Request letter 2 Dear xxx
15、, I hope you are keeping well. Xxx and I are co-editing a Handbook of xxx for xxx (apply titled The xxx Handbook of xxx!). We are hoping that you will be interested in contributing a chapter on: What can xxx tell us about language teaching? Xxx is offering xxx as a fee for this. We are in the proces
16、s of finalising deadlines bus we can say that the first draft of the chapter would be due around August/September2009. The chapter length is 7,000 words inclusive. If you agree to accept the invitation to contribute, we will send you more details and guidelines. Xxx will also send you a contract. We
17、 would be grateful therefore if you could providing us with the mailing address you wish to use for correspondence. We look forward to hearing from you. Please feel free to get back to us with any questions that you may have. All bests, Xxx and xxx东西方篇章结构之差异（东西方篇章结构之差异（P398P398）西方文化西方文化东方文化东方文化直线式直线
18、式圆式（迂回式）圆式（迂回式）逆潮式逆潮式逐步达到高潮式逐步达到高潮式“路标路标”式连接手段式连接手段时空顺序，自然铺排式时空顺序，自然铺排式重过程，重原因重过程，重原因重结果，重内容重结果，重内容解决问题式解决问题式现象罗列式现象罗列式实例一：实例一：一次商业谈判的录音片段一次商业谈判的录音片段 Irving: Oscar, anything else to add? Your line of business is, again, quite different from what PK and Tony have. And, in your line of business, I pre
19、sume market information will be quite important. Oscar: Yes. What have been mentioned previously by the three gentlemen, I think they are quite sufficient to cover all the basic requirement of a salesman, need something different. Because the volume of making sales in textiles is about at least to o
20、ver ten thousand U.S. dollars, sometimes. So that is the problem! That is whenever anybody who makes a decision to buy such Willing to pay such amount, well make sure their financial aid is strong! And, then? Such sometimes the market may suddenly drop in textile. Maybe were willing to buy one month
21、 ago, but may not be buyingwant to buy now! Things like that! So, for a salesman, also have to understand about the financial situation and things like that.天气如何影响文化的一段谈话录音天气如何影响文化的一段谈话录音 Climate affects the culture of a country. Men must learn to live within the limitations of their environment, an
22、d climate is an important part of the physical environment. Life in a tropical country is less strenuous and more casual than it is in a temperate one. Men work shorter hours and less vigorously in a hot climate. They cannot play hard either. They tire easily. They can relax by reading, by sipping c
23、ool drinks, or by listening to soothing music. They must try to conserve their energy. The wisest ones learn to respect the demands of Nature.实例二：实例二：实例三：实例三：What Does Modern Science Bring us? The question “What does modern science bring us?” has always provoked great debate. Some people argue that
24、science should been responsible for pollution and has brought us the nuclear bomb that threatens our existence. In addition, they point out that cloning has shaken the foundation of moral codes. However, compared with the negative aspects, I think, the blessing of science is more evident. As we see,
25、 the vast improvements made in the field of medicine have served to lengthen our life expectancy and to reduce the rate of infant morality. Whats more, the discovery of mechanization, better seeds, better technique of irrigation and pest control has worked to increase the productivity levels on farm
26、s. As to transportation, the railway, modern ocean liner, jet plane, and motor vehicles have made our lives more comfortable and convenient, as well as provide more chances for commercial and industrial development. Besides, the invention of the computer has assisted a lot in our life and work. In g
27、eneral, the advantages of science far outweigh its disadvantages. And in most cases, it is not science itself but human beings misuse of it that brings us undesirable results. Therefore, it is no doubt that we should continue developing science and take full advantage of it.议论文议论文 Although the new t
28、estament writers used the popular language of their day, they often achieved great dignity and eloquence. Convinced of the greatness of their message, they often wrote naturally and directly, as earnest men might speak to their friends. Although St. Marks writing was not necessarily polished, he wro
29、te with singular vigor and economy. St. John struggled with the language until he produces sparse and unadorned prose of great beauty. St. Paul, at his best, reached heights of eloquence which some consider unsurpassed in literature. St. Luke, the most brilliant of the New Testament writers, gave us Jesus Parable of the prodigal Son. Taken as a whole, the work of these great Christian writers of the first century has dignity and splendor all its own.实例四：实例四：二、语篇结构的相对性二、语篇结构的相对性 东方人的语篇结构呈东方人的语篇结构呈归纳式归纳式，西方人的，西方人的语篇结构呈语篇结构呈演绎式演绎式，这只是，这只是整体性整体性的比较，的比较，是是相对相对的结论。的结论。
