1、COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 11. Pictures Brainstorming Generating Ideas 22. Writing Strategies In making contrast, we have to compare. There is no other way to point out the difference, i.e. the contrast. What is of great importance is to know that professional writers frequently use these two strategie
2、s to develop paragraphs. There are two major ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison and contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then start the other Allabout pattern; The other way is to examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point Seesaw pattern. 32.1 To
3、 examine one thing thoroughly and then start the other. Focus: The aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order. Pattern: A1, A2, A3; B1, B2, B3. （Allabout Pattern） Example: Contrast 1My hometown is quite different from what it used to be. Subtopic: 2Just a little mor
4、e that ten years ago my hometown was a small quiet place. A（1） 3The houses were small and mean. A（2） 3The streets were for the most part narrow and winding. A（3） 3There were few people in the streets and shops.4 Subtopic: 2Now, everything has changed. B（1）: 3Looking in every direction from the cente
5、r of the town, one sees a long succession of giant, imposing buildings. B（2）: 3The streets, whether long or short, are straight, spacious, and well-shaded. B（3）: 3 Crowds of people can be found here and there, hurrying, noisy, and well-dressed. C From a dull little village with clusters of shabby ho
6、uses in the past, my hometown has now transformed into a big city, cheerful, colorful,and prosperous.52.2 To examine two things at the same time, discussing them point by point.Focus: Aspects examined in two things should be identical and in the same order.Pattern: A1, B1;A2, B2;A3,B3 (Seesaw Patter
7、n)Example: comparison.1Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally.A（1）: 2For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. B（1）: 2In the essay, the first paragraph provi
8、des introductory material and establishes the topic focus.A（2）: 2Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence.B（2）: 2Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph.6 A（3）: 2 Fin
9、ally, a terminator-whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation-ends the paragraph. B（3）: 2The essay, too, has a device which brings its ideas to a logically and psychologically satisfying completion: the concluding paragraph. C Although exceptions to these generalizations may be observed in mo
10、dern creative writing,most well written expository paragraphs and essays are comparable in structure. Notes:1) 1,2,3 indicates the level of generality at which a sentence is in the paragraph. 2) C is the short form of conclusion, that is, the concluding sentence.72.3 An Analysis of An Essay These tw
11、o patterns can also be used to compose an essay.Now read the following short essay and analyze it according to what you have learned so far Paris and Washington differ in age and population; however, anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar. Of course, Paris is much old
12、er than Washington. The French city is over2000 years old. Washington, in contrast, is very young. It is less than 250 years old. The population of Paris is also much larger than Washingtons. Paris has more than 2,500,000 people. Washington has just over 700,000. 8 In spite of these differences, the
13、 similarities are striding. First, both cities are the political centers of their countries. The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysees Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol. Second, the two cities look simil
14、ar. LEnfant, the French engineer who designed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France. For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of
15、magnificent monuments, important historical landmarks, fine museums, beautiful parks, and board, treelined avenues. Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to view their attractions9Questions 1.
16、 Which is the thesis statement of the essay? 2. Find the topic sentence and controlling idea of the 2nd and 3rd paragraph. 3. Find the connectives in the 3rd paragraph. 4. Which pattern does this essay follow?102.4 Planes of Generality of the Essay1 Paris and Washington differ in age and population;
17、 however, anyone who has seen the two cities can tell that they are very similar. (Thesis statement: tell the readers what they can expect to read in the essay.) 2The two cities differ in age and population. 3 Of course, Paris is much older than Washington. 4 The French city is over2000 years old. W
18、ashington, in contrast, is very young. It is less than 250 years old. 3 The population of of Paris is also much larger than Washingtons. 4 Paris has more than 2,500,000 people. Washington has just over 700,000. 11 2 In spite of these differences, the similarities are striding. 3 First, both cities a
19、re the political centers of their countries. 4The president of France lives in the heart of Paris, in the Elysees Palace. Likewise, the president of the United States has its meeting place in Washington, in the Capitol. 3 Second, the two cities look similar. 4 LEnfant, the French engineer who design
20、ed Washington, was greatly influenced by the layout of the capital of France. 12 5 For this reason, many of the buildings and monuments in Washington are symmetrically located in views of one another, just as they are in Paris. Both cities are also the sites of magnificent monuments, important histo
21、rical landmarks, fine museums, beautiful parks, and board, treelined avenues. 3 Finally, tourism is as important for Washington as it is for Paris. 4 Every year millions of tourists from all parts of the world visit these cities to view their attractions133.Expressions and Sentence Patterns143.1 Sim
22、ilarity a. Model A is the same as Model B structurally. identical with in design. similar to like b. The two Models are alike structurally identical in design the same similar c. Sweden, like Finland, has very large resources of timber.15 3.2 Difference Model X is different from Model Y structurally
23、 is not the same as in design. differs from 163.3 Comparison Model A is cheap. Similarly, Model B is inexpensive. 173.4 contrastwhile whereas, whilst.而而（含有相对之意）（含有相对之意） whilea. Model A is stylish, whereas Model B is old-fashioned. whilst While Whereas Model A is stylish, Model B is old-fashioned. Wh
24、ilstb. but, however, nevertheless但是，然而但是，然而 but Model A is stylish, however Model B is old-fashioned. nevertheless c. unlike与与有别有别, compared with,与与相比相比 in contrast to与与成对比成对比UnlikeCompared with Model A, Model B is old-fashioned.In contrast tod.on the other hand 然而然而Model A is stylish. On the other
25、hand, Model B is old-fashioned. 183.5 In-Class Practice Agents of Gender SocializationBoys(A)Girls(B)ToysToy guns(A1)Dolls(B1)DressBlue or dark-colored(A2)In pastel shades(B2)PlayPlaying cops and robbers(A3)Playing house with dolls(B3)193.6 Exercise Write a paragraph to contrast department stores an
26、d supermarkets following the allabout pattern and another following the seesaw pattern.Department stores SupermarketsFunction: shopping shopping Location: downtown uptownService: warmhearted service self-serviceCommodities: specialized in clothes specialized in food and householdsPrice: expensive ch
27、eapTopic Sentence: Although department stores and supermarkets are similar in function, they differ from each other in several aspects. 205.2 Exercise Study the example of the comparison and contrast between Paris and Washington carefully, and write an essay of comparing and contrast two things following the model. 21
