1、题型一题型一 阅读理解阅读理解(推理判断题推理判断题)【第三部分 高考题型突破】析考情 题型突破链高考 真题探究备考方向导航 析考情 题型突破一 考情概述 推理判断题在近几年高考阅读理解中的考查数量仅次于细节理解题,是历年高考英语阅读理解的核心考点和命题集中点,考查方向以推断细节隐含意义为主。在阅读测试中属于深层次理解题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发, 运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常卷别202020192018新高考(山东)4(细节推断、写作意图) 全国5(细节推断、观点态度)6(细节推断、文章出处)5(细节推断、写作意图)全国3(细节推断)1(细节推断)3(细节推断
2、、文章出处)浙江4(细节推断)3(细节推断)5(细节推断、写作意图、观点态度)识进行分析、推理和判断。其答案一般不会在原文中直接呈现,要把文章提供的信息进行分析、提炼和归纳之后才能得出。 推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括:推断细节隐含意义;推断文章出处或者读者对象;推断作者的写作意图;对文章内容进行预测;推断作者或文中人物对某个人或事物的态度或评价等。二 命题特点推理判断题涉及的文章内容可能是一句话或几句话,也可能是一个或两三个段落,甚至是整篇文章,所以此类题目难度比较大,考生很容易失分。其设问特点为:1.考查暗含的信息,文章中没有明说; 2.一般在文章中可以找到提示信息; 3.设问内容含义
3、深刻,不像细节题那么直白。三 选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)在文章中可以找到信息支持,并且可以推断出正确选项。(2)大多含义深刻,不是常识选项。2.干扰项的特点(1)颠倒是非:选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。(2)照搬原文:原文里有相关的直接信息,不需要经过推断。(3)推理过度:把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。(4)无中生有:捏造原文中并不存在的信息,并以此作为依据进行推断。 链高考 真题探究Passage 12020全国,C语篇类型:说明文主题:竞走运动词数:303难度:建议时间:7分钟高考真题 Race walking shares many fitness benefits wi
4、th running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But
5、the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise
6、 science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn wa
7、lking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while
8、 race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankl
9、es and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.28.Why are race walkers condition
10、ed athletes?A. They must run long distances.B. They are qualified for the marathon.C. They have to follow special rules.D. They are good at swinging their legs.29.What advantage does race walking have over running?A. Its more popular at the Olympics.B. Its less challenging physically.C. Its more eff
11、ective in body building.D. Its less likely to cause knee injuries.30.What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking? A. Getting experts opinions. B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced coach. D. Doing regular exercises.31.Which word best describes the authors attitude
12、to race walking?A. Skeptical. B. Objective.C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.命题分析素养解读本文选材符合课程标准提出的关于培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人中对体育这一项的要求,引导考生关注体育运动,提高锻炼意识,学会健康生活。文章对比分析了竞走与跑步,介绍了竞走相比跑步的好处,也指出了其危害,引导学生辩证地看问题,培养思辨能力。这主要体现了学科核心素养中的思维品质。试题分析第29题是细节推断题,考生要在原文中找准关键信息点,再进行分析和推断。 第31题是观点态度题,考生要在了解全文主旨内容的基础上,判断作者对竞走
13、运动的态度。庖丁解牛重难词汇demanding adj.费力的,需要高技能(或耐性等)的,要求高的approximately adv.大约,大概 considerable adj. 相当大的,相当多的 consult v.咨询,请教熟词生义pound 常见义:n. 英镑,磅 本文义:v. 反复击打词块积累contribute to是的原因之一 (be) associated with与有关难句突破句式分析:moving at a pace of six miles per hour是动词-ing短语作后置定语,修饰主语race walkers,第一个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰abou
14、t 800 calories per hour,第二个which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰running。句意:根据大多数计算,以每小时六英里的速度移动的竞走者每小时会消耗大约800卡路里,这大约是他们走路燃烧的卡路里的两倍,虽然它比跑步消耗的卡路里少,跑步可能每小时消耗大约1 000卡路里或更多。解题思路28.C考查细节理解。由题干中的关键词conditioned athletes可将解题信息定位至第二段,根据本段中的But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the
15、 leg swing and one foot remain in contact(接触) with the ground at all times可知,竞走者在竞走时必须遵循一些特殊的运动规则,故选C。29.D考查细节推断。根据第五段中的some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers可知,一些与跑步有关的损伤,如跑步者的膝盖(受伤),在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知,竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤,故选D。30.A考查细节理解。根据第五段中的anyon
16、e wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique可知, Norberg博士建议任何想要尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞走者,以学习正确的技巧,故选A。31.B考查观点态度。第一段总领全文,提出了竞走运动有利也有弊;下文主要对比了竞走运动与跑步的情况。通观全文,作者既提到了竞走这项运动的好处,也指出了它的一些危害,故作者对竞走的态度是客观的,本题应选B。Passage 22018浙江,A语篇类型:说明文主
17、题:英国作家狄更斯词数:314难度:建议时间:6分钟高考真题 In 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66 novels published in Britain. People had been writing novels for a century most experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719 but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press
18、was still in its early stages; the literacy(识字)rate in England was under 50%. Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors, often with something like By a lady. Novels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad. In 1870, when Dickens died, the world m
19、ourned him as its first professional writer and publisher, famous and beloved, who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters from Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim were held up as moral touchstones. Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him f
20、rom the pantheon (名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa. How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels w
21、ere published during the Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress
22、. But its also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possible and important for our own culture
23、 to understand how he made himself a lasting one. 21.Which of the following best describes British novels in the 18th century?A. They were difficult to understand.B. They were popular among the rich.C. They were seen as nearly worthless.D. They were written mostly by women.22.Dickens is compared wit
24、h the Mona Lisa in the text to stress . A. his reputation in FranceB. his interest in modern artC. his success in publicationD. his importance in literature23.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A. To remember a great writer.B. To introduce an English novel.C. To encourage studies on cul
25、ture.D. To promote values of the Victorian age.命题分析 素养解读本文通过对英国作家狄更斯文学创作历程的介绍,让考生了解国外优秀作家及其背景文化,激发学生阅读相关作品的兴趣,增加对世界优秀文化的理解和认同,并能够自主学习和领悟世界文化的多样性和丰富性。本文还要求考生在阅读的同时,对篇章的写作意图进行分析和推理,以此培养考生的逻辑思维能力。这主要体现了文化意识和思维品质这两个学科核心素养。 试题分析第22题是细节推断题,考生要根据文章细节,通过语意转化和分析,才能得出答案。第23题是意图推断题,考生要总体把握文章内容,才能推断出作者的写作目的。庖丁解
26、牛 文章结构第一段:在18世纪早期的英国,由于多种原因,文学并不受人待见。第二段:狄更斯死后,他被世人看作最早的专业作家,他在文学方面有着杰出的成就。第三段:狄更斯的写作风格和特色造就了他文学界泰斗的地位。 熟词生义plain 常见义:n.平原 本文义:adv.(用于强调)简直,绝对地 难句突破句式分析:本句是一个主从复合句。要注意as引导的是时间状语从句,而主句中的and important for our own culture是插入语。句意:但是随着狄更斯200周年诞辰的到来,弄懂他如何让自己永垂不朽是有可能的,这对我们自己的文化来说很重要。解题思路21.C考查细节理解。根据第一段中的N
27、ovels, for the most part, were looked upon as silly, immoral or just plain bad可知,在18世纪的英国,小说被人们看作是愚蠢的、不道德的或者简直就是糟糕的,故选C。22.D考查细节推断。根据第二段内容,尤其是Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged. Removing him from.the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa可推知,狄更斯的伟大是不容置疑和无可辩驳的,把他从英国文学的名人堂中移出,就如同卢浮宫把蒙娜丽莎卖掉一样。由此可推断出,此处是
28、在强调狄更斯在英国文学史上的重要性。故选D。23.A考查写作意图。根据文章最后一段中的No one will ever knowsuch a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approachesa lasting one可推知,作者写本文主要是为了纪念伟大的英国作家狄更斯。故选A。考法1 推断隐含意义考法2 推断文章出处或读者对象考法3 推断写作意图考法4 推断观点态度考法5 预测文章内容解题能力提升 考法1 推断隐含意义命题透视 推断隐含意义是高考阅读理解中必考的考查方向,要求考生根据文章的某个或
29、某些句子、段落或全文所提供的信息进行逻辑推理,推断出作者没有明说的内容、可能发生的事情或某事物的特征等,旨在考查考生透过词语的字面意思去理解作者的言外之意的能力。常见设问形式:1.What can we infer about.?2.Which of the following statements does the passage support?3.What does the author imply about.? 方法点拨 1.先跳读,找到相关信息点;2.接着细读,理解相关信息点的字面意思;3.再分析推理,在理解字面意思的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,理解作者的言外之意,切勿拿文章中非关键
30、的细节内容作为推理的依据;4.最后结合选项,找到与文章信息点所表达意思相近的选项。 1 2018全国,D. So whats the solution(解决方案)? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing
31、and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.35.What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them.解析 考查细
32、节推断。根据所给材料中的but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function可推断出,文章建议用多功能的新设备来替换老旧设备,即停止使用老旧设备。take apart拆卸;upgrade使升级;recycle回收利用。故选A。 考法2 推断文章出处或读者对象命题透视 文章出处推断题要求考生能够根据文章的特点推断文章的出处,该题型在高考阅读理解中较常考查。读者对象推断题
33、要求考生根据文章内容和措辞推断文章的读者对象是什么人,该类题目在高考试题中较少考查。常见设问形式:1.Where is the text most likely from?2.From which is the text probably taken?3.In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?4.Who is the passage probably intended for? 方法点拨 文章出处推断题和读者对象推断题都要求考生有一定的常识,对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、说明书、旅游指南等有基本的了解,这样在做题时才能根据文章特点
34、选出答案。 2 2019全国,CAs data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies like fingerprint scans to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present,these technologies are still expensive, though. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have com
35、e up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with 31.Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebook.C. A novel. D. A magazine.解析 考查文章出处。迅速浏览选段,结合选段内容及关键信息technologiesResearchersdevice(装置)可知,文章介绍的是
36、一款新的科技产品,是典型的科技类说明文;再结合选项可推断,这篇文章最可能出现在杂志上。故选D。 3 Luxury (奢华的)Costa Rica This grand adventure through Costa Rica will offer the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling encounters with the natural world. Travelers will visit the impressive Arenal Volcano, the magical Monteverde Cloud Fores
37、t, and the mysterious Manuel Antonio National Park. .23.This passage is intended for . A. English learnersB. travelers liking adventures C. exchange students D. senior citizens解析 考查对象推断。根据选段中的This grand adventure through Costa Rica will offer the perfect combination of luxury travel and thrilling en
38、counters with the natural world. Travelers will.可推断,本文是向喜欢冒险的人介绍哥斯达黎加探险之旅。故选B。 考法3 推断写作意图命题透视 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述,揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的,在阅读理解中较常考查。这类题目要求考生不仅要理解文章的大意,还要具备对作者阐述的内容进行分析和归纳总结的能力,因为作者一般不直接表明自己的意图,而是通过文章所提供的事实,客观地向读者传达某种想法或观点。常见设问形式:1.What is the purpose of the text?2.What does the story
39、 intend to tell us?3.What does the writer of the story want to tell us?4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text? 方法点拨 推断作者的写作意图时,考生要综合考量文章的主旨和文体特点:1.通过文章主旨来推断作者的写作目的。通常议论文和说明文的主旨在文章开头,用略读法找出文章的主旨,可以快速推断出作者的写作目的。2.通过文章的文体推断作者的写作意图。一般情况下,作者写文章的目的可分为三类:to entertain readers,常见于故事类记叙文;to persuad
40、e readers,常见于广告类应用文或议论文;to inform readers,常见于文化类、社会类、科普类说明文。 4 2016丙卷(全国),CIf you are a fruit grower or would like to become one take advantage of Apple Day to see whats around. Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught o
41、n, events now spread out over most of October around Britain. Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to s
42、ee the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesnt taste of anything special, its still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else. There are also varieties developed to suit specifi
43、c local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit
44、your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games. Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try
45、visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.31.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A. To show how to grow apples.B. To introduce an apple festival.C. To help people select apples.D. To promote apple research.解析 考查写作意图。通读全文可知,作者向读者介绍了一个节日苹果节。故选B。 考法4 推断观点态度命
46、题透视 观点态度推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具备在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点或态度倾向进行分析、判断的能力。在高考阅读理解中较常考查。常见设问形式:1.Which word best describes the authors attitude to/towards.?2.What is the authors attitude towards.?3.What does the author think of.?4.How does the author feel about.?5.What is sb.s attitude to/towa
47、rds.? 方法点拨1.通过文章主旨推断作者的观点或态度。作者的观点或态度一般与文章主旨相关联,考生应先通读全文,结合文章内容抓住文章的主旨,再结合作者提供的细节来判断作者的观点或态度。2.通过细节描述推断观点或态度。观点或态度通常隐藏在对人物的语气、肢体动作、面部表情或性格倾向等的描述中,或者隐藏在作者对文中事物进行描述时所用的词汇或句子中。因此,考生要通过分析文中的用词、语气或对细节的描述等来推断作者或文中人物的观点或态度。3.牢记试题中常出现的表达观点或态度的词语。(1)表示积极态度的词有:favorable(赞同的), supportive(支持的), approving(赞同的),
48、optimistic(乐观的),positive(积极的),pleasant(令人愉快的),humorous(幽默的),confident(自信的),impressive(给人印象深刻的),beneficial(有利的), hopeful(抱有希望的),reasonable(合理的)等。(2)表示反对、否定、批评等消极态度的词有:skeptical(怀疑的),disapproving(不赞同的),critical(批判的),negative(否定的),doubtful(怀疑的),disappointed(失望的),pessimistic(悲观的),opposed(反对的),uncaring(冷
49、漠的),unwilling(不愿意的)等。(3)表示中立、客观以及其他态度的词有:objective(客观的),factual(根据事实的),uninterested(不感兴趣的), indifferent(漠不关心的), cautious(谨慎的),ne ut r a l( 中 立 的 ) , im pa r t ia l( 不 偏 不 倚的),conservative(保守的),tolerant(宽容的,容忍的)等。特别提醒 解此类题目时应注意:1.要区分开作者的态度和作者阐述的他人的态度;2.切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点;3.要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感
50、情、态度或观点的词语。 5 2017丙卷(全国),C. The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk
