1、2019 年上海交大考博英语真题客观题部分II. Vocabulary (10 points)Part A (5 points)1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of theOlympics somehow encourages_ patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmonious D. amiable2. One call understand others much better b
2、y noting the immediate andfleeting reactions of their eyesand _ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessions D. junctions3. People innately _ for superiority over their peers although itsometimes takes the form of anexaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justify D. adhe
3、re4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wild lifefor intelligent space beings,like the wilderness areas we have setup on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observethem.A. conservation B. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, co
4、nsumer confidence_ a breathtaking15 points .last month, to itslowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer_ that destroyed files in computers andfrustrated thousands of users aroundthe world.A. geniusB. virusC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The emphasis on exam
5、inations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulous D. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more _ to their poverty, after seeing how hisgrandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never_
6、 a chance topractice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _ can bedistributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analog inPart B (5 points)11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditionalr
7、oles such as cooking or takingcare of the baby.A. depictB. advocateD; criticizeD. analyze12,. They achieved more than they had eye dreamed, lending a magic to theirfamily story that no tale orordinary life could possibly rival.A. confirmB. achieveC.matchD exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to fi
8、nd a dump. for those toxic_ industrial wastes.A. imminentB. recyclable C. smellyD. poisonous14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electoratethat guns wouldnor be fired without anattempt to win a further U.N. sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that
9、the tradeoff between our :childrens college andour own retirement security is ,chilling.A. frightening B. promisingC. freezing D. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the BritishCrown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever design D. joint effort17. Evidence, r
10、eference, and foments by the thousand testify to a scrupulousresearcher who doesconsiderable justice to a full range of different beneficial and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their Spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of womenbeing ra
11、ped or wanton violenceagainst civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperating:C. demonstrative D. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked upfaces for .nocturnal raidsin the forest.A. illegalB. night-timeC, brutal D. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy
12、 to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has amore avid fondness for thelimelight,A. mercurialB, gallantC. ardentD. frugalIII. Cloze (10 points).Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, _ 21 _ into a hobby and Latelyhas _22 _ into a full- time passion. The two developers of
13、 Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. Dcandidates _ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as away to keep 24of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they _25 _ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and _26_ Gradually they b
14、egan to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they _ 27_ yahoo into a customized database designed to_28_ the needs of the thousands of users_29_ began to use the service through theclosely _ 30_ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them_ 31 _ locate,identify and e
15、dit material _32_ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is _ 33_ to stand for YetAnotherHierarchical Officious Oracle. but Filo and Yang insist they selected the _34 _because theyconsidered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first _ 35 _on Yangs workstation, akebono, while thesearch engine was _ 36 _ on Fil
16、os computer, Konishiki.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founderof Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files _ 37_to larger computers _38_ at Netscape. As a result Stanfords computer network returned to _ 39_ ,and both parties benefits. Today,Yaho
17、o_ 40 _ organized information on tens of thousands of computerslinked to the web.1. A. becameB. grewC. mmD. intend2. A. madeB. sawC. lookedD. turned3. A. inB. onC. aboutD. for4. A. touchB. contactC. backD. record5. A. foundedE. foundC. arguedD. reported6. A. unwieldyB. toughC. tamableD invaluable7.
18、A. exchangedB. shankC. soldD. converted8. A. explainB. serveC. discoverD. evaluate9. A. whichB. thatC. actuallyD. eagerly10. A. relativeB. interactiveC.boundD. contacted11. A. fluentlyB. efficientlyC.exactlyD. actually12. A. transmittedB. purchasedC. soldD.13. A. aboutB. boundC. goingD. supposedI4.
19、A. fableB. modelC. nameD. brand15. A. supportedB. residedC. livedD. launched16. A. connectedB. lodgedC. introducedD. linked17. A. overB, awayC. insideD. beneath18. A. housedB. caughtC. hosedD. bidden19. A. averageB. normalC. ordinaryD. equal20. A. attainsB.detainsC. maintainsD. containsIV. Reading C
20、omprehension (20 points)各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料Passage 1Guthries contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the threshold method involves the time youngchildren spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length
21、 of time they can sustain work on one activity islimited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start ofthe school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems oftenresult. To apply Gutiaries theory,a teacher might, at the start of the yea
22、r, limit acti-vities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeksthe teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learnto form letters, their movements awkward a
23、nd they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lineson a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow linesis initially introduced, students letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form l
24、etters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to helpthem refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes andsail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a
25、large stackof paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes,the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical educati
26、on class.To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few morelaps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center
27、 teacher might ask the students to find interestingbooks and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the mediacenter will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with otherstudents.In a social studies class some stu
28、dents regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the boardand overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elementsinto each lesson,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involves students and raisetheir interest
29、in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to_A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate 42. Guthrie identified three methods for_A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold m
30、ethod?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than thechild enjoys over time so thatthe child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increasesession length but not to where studentsbecome frus
31、trated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines isintroduced step by step tohelp children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan byhisparents in order to change hisbehavior of repeatedly throwing toys.4
32、4. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keeptheir handsbusy by sewing, painting,working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Overtime. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activityother thansnackking. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue
33、 method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage thatA. The incompatible response method is to force child to makeunwantedresponse repeatedly in presenceof stimulus until he or she becomesexhaustedB. The threshold method refers to i
34、ntroducing undesired behavior with aresponse incompatible with theundesired response so they can not beperformed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducingthe stimulus at full strength so it becomesa cue for not performing i
35、tD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have childmake response incompatible withunwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertisingmistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the languag
36、e and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys tosuccessful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets withembarrassing wrests .Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the
37、 US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova tothe Puerto Rican market. Nova is Latin for new (star) and means star in many languages, but in spokenSpanish it can sound like no va, meaning it doesnt go. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursedmeaning. When G
38、M changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food companys friendlyJolly Green Giant (for advertising ,vegetables) became something quite different when it was translatedinto Arabic as Intimidating Green
39、 Ogre.When translated into German Pepsis popular slogan, Come Alive with Pepsi came out implying ComeAlive from the Grave. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful internationalmarketing doesnt stop with goodtranslations-,-other aspects of culture must be researched and
40、understoodmarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions,religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentane intothe Latin
41、 American market butthe product aroused little interest. The mailreason was that the camellia used in it was traditionallyused for funerals inmany South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much moreconscientious in their translation
42、s and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to preventerrors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, orto use a techniquecalled back translation to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a mes
43、sage into the target language and another to translateit back. Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-wordduplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other
44、 countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should alsoavoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be _ .A. Culture Is Very Important is AdvertisingB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between
45、Nations C. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word blunder mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize thegist fromParagraph 3 to Paragraph6?A.
46、 Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word ca most probably mean_A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for
47、 its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countriesis to_A.fire the translators who dont know the target language.B.use the technique called literal translation to reduce the possibility ofblundersC. av
48、oid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countriesPassage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options,and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose,
49、taxes in the highest income bracketwent down. Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officerswith legendary bad tempers. It is not the bosss job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates althoughthe m
50、an with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about .His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so hegoes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are
