1、2019年上海交大考博英语真题家庭是幼儿语言活动的重要环境，为了与家长配合做好幼儿阅读训练工作，孩子一入园就召开家长会，给家长提出早期抓好幼儿阅读的要求。我把幼儿在园里的阅读活动及阅读情况及时传递给家长，要求孩子回家向家长朗诵儿歌，表演故事。我和家长共同配合，一道训练，幼儿的阅读能力提高很快。 客观题部分 “教书先生”恐怕是市井百姓最为熟悉的一种称呼，从最初的门馆、私塾到晚清的学堂，“教书先生”那一行当怎么说也算是让国人景仰甚或敬畏的一种社会职业。只是更早的“先生”概念并非源于教书，最初出现的“先生”一词也并非有传授知识那般的含义。孟子中的“先生何为出此言也？”；论语中的“有酒食，先生馔”；国
2、策中的“先生坐，何至于此？”等等，均指“先生”为父兄或有学问、有德行的长辈。其实国策中本身就有“先生长者，有德之称”的说法。可见“先生”之原意非真正的“教师”之意，倒是与当今“先生”的称呼更接近。看来，“先生”之本源含义在于礼貌和尊称，并非具学问者的专称。称“老师”为“先生”的记载，首见于礼记?曲礼，有“从于先生，不越礼而与人言”，其中之“先生”意为“年长、资深之传授知识者”，与教师、老师之意基本一致。II. Vocabulary (10 points) 家庭是幼儿语言活动的重要环境，为了与家长配合做好幼儿阅读训练工作，孩子一入园就召开家长会，给家长提出早期抓好幼儿阅读的要求。我把幼儿在园里的
3、阅读活动及阅读情况及时传递给家长，要求孩子回家向家长朗诵儿歌，表演故事。我和家长共同配合，一道训练，幼儿的阅读能力提高很快。 Part A (5 points) 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages_ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable 2. One call understan
4、d others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and _ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. striv
5、e B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wild life for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. res
6、erve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence_ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer_ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius
7、 B. virus C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorate
8、d D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never_ a chance to practice his Chinese. A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out 10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his _ can be distributed. A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analog in Part B (5 poin
9、ts) 11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby. A. depict B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze 12,. They achieved more than they had eye dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could
10、possibly rival. A. confirm B. achieve C.match D exaggerate 13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic_ industrial wastes. A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous 14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt t
11、o win a further U.N. sanction. A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries 15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :childrens college and our own retirement security is ,chilling. A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing 16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a co
12、nspiracy against the British Crown. A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort 17. Evidence, reference, and foments by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beneficial and political positions. A. trustworthy B.
13、intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous 18. Despite their Spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. A. intriguing B. exasperating: C. demonstrative D. unprovoked 19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing
14、 and blacked up faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest. A. illegal B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive 20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal III. Cloze (10 points). Like many other
15、aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, _ 21 _ into a hobby and Lately has _22 _ into a full- time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates _ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24
16、 of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they _25 _ that their home, brewed lists were becoming too long and _26_ Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they _ 27_ yahoo into a customized database designed to_28_ the needs of the thousands of users_29
17、_ began to use the service through the closely _ 30_ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them_ 31 _ locate, identify and edit material _32_ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is _ 33_ to stand for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle. but Filo and Yang insist they select
18、ed the _34 _ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first _ 35 _ on Yangs workstation, akebono, while the search engine was _ 36 _ on Filos computer, Konishiki. In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang t
19、o move their files _ 37_ to larger computers _38_ at Netscape. As a result Stanfords computer network returned to _ 39_ , and both parties benefits. Today,Yahoo_ 40 _ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. 1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend 2. A. made B. saw C.
20、looked D. turned 3. A. in B. on C. about D. for 4. A. touch B. contact C. back D. record 5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported 6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable 7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted 8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate 9. A. which B. that C. ac
21、tually D. eagerly 10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted 11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually 12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. 13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed I4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand 15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched 16.
22、 A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked 17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath 18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden 19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal 20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. contains IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points) Passage 1 Guthries contiguity prin
23、ciple offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are sch
24、eduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Gutiaries theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit acti-vities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher c
25、ould gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page
26、 are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller border
27、s to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. A
28、fter the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes. Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to
29、 have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun. The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and r
30、ead them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using
31、 the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involves students and raise their interest in the course. 41. The purpose of this passage is to_ A.
32、inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate 42. Guthrie identified three methods for_ A. educating students B. altering bad habits C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies 43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A. Parents introduce spinach in small bi
33、tes or mixed with a food than the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it. B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored. C. Paper with wider line
34、s is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting. D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. 44. To stop snacking while watchin
35、g television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snackking. What method is used in this example? A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method. C. The incompati
36、ble response method. D. The punishment method. 45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted B. The threshold method refers to introducing undes
37、ired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneously C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it D. The f
38、atigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language an
39、d culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wrests .Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the U
40、S auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. Nova is Latin for new (star) and means star in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like no va, meaning it doesnt go. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When
41、GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food companys friendly Jolly Green Giant (for advertising ,vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as Intimidating Gr
42、een Ogre. When translated into German Pepsis popular slogan, Come Alive with Pepsi came out implying Come Alive from the Grave. No wonder customers in Germany didnt rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesnt stop with good translations-,-other aspects of culture must be researc
43、hed and understood marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentane in
44、to the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in
45、 their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called back translation to reduce the possibility of blunders. The process uses one pe
46、rson to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so hu
