1、Discovering Useful Structures1b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元第二讲：定语从句第二讲：定语从句JingDiscovering Useful Structures2b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元 What are attributes(定语定语)?1.He is an honest boy.(形容词）形容词）2.The falling/fallen leaves are flying in the sky.(现在现在/过去分词）过去分词）3. Whats your telephone number?（名词）（名词
2、）4.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. （介词短语）（介词短语）5.The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.（从句）（从句） 一般来说，定语是个一般来说，定语是个形容词形容词，用来修饰一个，用来修饰一个名词名词或或代词代词，一般翻译成，一般翻译成“的的”。单个定语单个定语放在所修饰的词前面；放在所修饰的词前面；多个定语多个定语跟在所修饰的词后面。跟在所修饰的词后面。Discovering Useful Structures3b y
3、 b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元 用一个词不能尽情表达你想说的意思时，就用短语；用一个词不能尽情表达你想说的意思时，就用短语； 如果短语还不能满足，就用从句。如果短语还不能满足，就用从句。这是我的杯子这是我的杯子 This is my cup.这是装满茶水的杯子这是装满茶水的杯子 This is the cup full of tea.这是我喝茶用的杯子这是我喝茶用的杯子 This is the cup which I drink tea with.使用一个句子来修饰一个名词或代词时，那这个句子叫做定语从句。使用一个句子来修饰一个名词或代词时，那这个句子叫做定语从句。定定语
4、从句语从句相当于一个形容词相当于一个形容词。Discovering Useful Structures4b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元定语从句的定义：定语从句的定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，定语从句相当在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，定语从句相当形容词形容词的作用的作用在句中作在句中作定语。定语。被修饰的词叫做被修饰的词叫做先行词先行词，连接先行词和从句的叫，连接先行词和从句的叫关系词关系词.e.g.The girl is Mary. Mary is brave and clever.先行词关系词The girl who is bra
5、ve and clever is Mary. 定语从句主句Discovering Useful Structures5b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1.The number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.2.This is the man whom we talked about. 3.The building which stands near the river is our school.4.He asked to do things in a way that did not do h
6、arm to others.5.Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?6.This is the book which you want.7.All that we have to do is to practice every day.8.He lives in the room whose door is green.9. The girl whose father is a doctor studies very well.10. You can take any seat that is free. 找出先行词、
7、关系词及定语从句找出先行词、关系词及定语从句Discovering Useful Structures6b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元关系代词的关系代词的作用作用？1. 1. 引导引导定语从句；定语从句；2. 2. 代替代替先行词；先行词；3.3.在从句中充当一个在从句中充当一个成分成分。关系副词的关系副词的作用作用？1. 1. 引导引导定语从句；定语从句；2. 2. 代替代替先行词；先行词；3.3.在从句中作在从句中作状语状语。关系代词：关系代词：who，whom，whose，that，which，as关系副词：关系副词：when，where，whyDiscove
8、ring Useful Structures7b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指指_，在定语从句中作，在定语从句中作_ 或或_,做做_ 时常可省略时常可省略 。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. The boy (who) we saw yesterday was Johns
9、brother.That is the teacher (who) we like very much.Discovering Useful Structures8b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元2. whom指人指人 ，在定语从句中作，在定语从句中作_ ，可省略，可省略The man (whom) I talked to is Mr. Li.He is a man (whom) we are ready to learn from.（介词提前时则不能省）（介词提前时则不能省）新增新增 He is a man from whom we are ready to lea
10、rn. The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.Discovering Useful Structures9b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元who 、whom的用法Who在句中做主语、宾语Whom在句中做宾语若介词提到关系代词前，只能用若介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom不能用不能用who且不可省略。在非限制性定且不可省略。在非限制性定语从句中也不可省略语从句中也不可省略作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略Discovering Useful Structures10b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元3. which指指_
11、，在定语从句中做，在定语从句中做_或或_，做，做_ 时常可省略。时常可省略。Football is a game which is popular with many boys.He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. Discovering Useful Structures11b
12、 y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元4. That 既指既指_又指又指_，在定语从句中做，在定语从句中做_或或_，做，做_ 时常可省略。时常可省略。Football is a game that is popular with many boys.The boy (that) we saw yesterday was Johns brother. The woman (that) I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. The report (that) Mr. Turner handed in wa
13、s about the motor race.Discovering Useful Structures12b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元常用常用who的情况：的情况：关系代词在从句中关系代词在从句中作主语作主语 A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.先行词为先行词为those，people 时时 Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.先行词为先行词为all，anyone，o
14、nes，one (指人时指人时) One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.在在There be句型中句型中 There is a stranger who wants to see you.Discovering Useful Structures13b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元只能用只能用that的情况的情况在在不定代词不定代词，如：，如：anything，nothing，everything，all，much，few，any，little 等等作先行词作先行词时，只用时，只用that，不用
15、，不用which。 All that is needed is a supply of oil.先行词有先行词有the only，the very，the just等修饰时，只用等修饰时，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.先行词被先行词被序数词序数词(含含the last)或形容词最高级或形容词最高级修饰时，只用修饰时，只用that。 The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin.先行词
16、先行词既有人，又有物既有人，又有物时。时。 He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.当主句是以当主句是以who 或或which 开头的特殊疑问句时，用开头的特殊疑问句时，用that 以以避免重复避免重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate?关系代词在从句中关系代词在从句中作表语作表语时。时。 He is not the man that he used to be.Discovering Useful Structures14b y b e c k点 击 返 回
17、 目 录点击进入各单元1. Its the most boring film _ I have ever seen. A. which B. that C. whose2. This is the first car _ arrived this morning. A. which B. who C. that3. Do you know the man _ is talking with your father? A. whose B. who C. which4. Those _ want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at
18、7 tomorrow morning. A. who B. which C. thatDiscovering Useful Structures15b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元5.Whose的用法的用法 表示表示先行词的某物先行词的某物时（即先行词与从句中的词构成时（即先行词与从句中的词构成从属关系从属关系时）时） 用用whose引导引导,在定语从句中做在定语从句中做定语定语。He has a friend whose father is a doctor.The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repair
19、ed.Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?Do you know the girl whose hair is very short in our class? He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. Discovering Useful Structures16b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1.The man _came to our school is Mr. Li. 2.The girl _ I met is Lucy. 3.A child _pare
20、nts are dead is called Tom. 4.I like the book _you bought yesterday. 5. We shall never forget the days _we spent together. 6. I have a room _window faces south.Discovering Useful Structures17b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1.The little girl was crying on the street.Her money had been stolen.2.The colou
21、r of the bike is green.Have you seen the bike?3.The student didnt agree with us. The student was standing under the tree.4.Where is the man? The man talked with you just now.Discovering Useful Structures18b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元 关系副词关系副词引导的定语从句引导的定语从句1. When引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 先行词先行词-时间时间，从句中做，从句中做
22、时间状语时间状语Ill never forget the day. I joined the team on that day. Ill never forget the day when I joined the team. Discovering Useful Structures19b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元when =“介词介词+ which” Ill never forget the day. I joined the team on that day. Ill never forget the day on which (when) I joined
23、 the team .Discovering Useful Structures20b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元不能看到时间就用不能看到时间就用whenIll never forget the day _ I lived in the mountains.Ill never forget the day _ I spent in the mountains.Discovering Useful Structures21b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元when引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词(time, ho
24、ur, day, year, moment, occasion 时刻，时刻，age年代年代，period阶段阶段etc), 并在定语从并在定语从句中作时间状语句中作时间状语相当介词（相当介词（in/on/at/during)+whichThat was a happy year in which (=when) I worked with you.Discovering Useful Structures22b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元2. Where引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 先行词先行词-地点地点，从句缺，从句缺状语状语This is the factory
25、. I worked in the factory ten years ago. This is the factory where I worked ten years ago.The school is near a park. My son studies in this school. The school where my studies is near a park. We visitedDiscovering Useful Structures23b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元where =“介词介词+which”The hotel wasnt cle
26、an.We stayed at the hotel.The hotel at which we stayed wasnt clean.Discovering Useful Structures24b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元不能看到地点就用不能看到地点就用whereThis is the house _ he was born.This is the house _ was set up by his parents.Discovering Useful Structures25b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元where引导的定语从句修饰
27、表示地点的名词引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词(place, street, house, room, city, town, country, spot地点，地点，etc)并在定语并在定语从句中作地点状语从句中作地点状语, 相当于介词相当于介词(in/on/to/at)+ which当先行词是表达到某一状态或程度的名词当先行词是表达到某一状态或程度的名词（case, condition, point, position, state, situation, stage程度，程度，system, degree 或或activity, job，etc）并在定语从句中做并在定语从句中做状语，状语，
28、定语从句用定语从句用where引导引导Lets find out a situation _in which_ (=where) this word can be used.Discovering Useful Structures26b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元 3. Why引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 先行词先行词-reason 从句缺从句缺状语状语Do you know the reason.He is so upset.Do you know the reason why he is so upset?Discovering Useful Structur
29、es27b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元不能看到不能看到reason, 就用就用why.This is the reason _ he was late.This is the reason _he told us for his being late.Discovering Useful Structures28b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元I have found the place _ he visited last week.I have found the place _ he stayed last week .The hous
30、e _ he bought is very big.The house _he lived is very big.The day _Ill always remember is Nov.22,1966.The date _ I was born is Nov.22,1966.The days _I spent with you are unforgettable. The days _I stayed in America are unforgettable. The reason _ he explained to me is that he got up late.The reason
31、_he was late is that he got up late. Discovering Useful Structures29b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元介词介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句1.根据根据从句中的动词从句中的动词选择介词。选择介词。 I dont know the foreigner whom/ who my teacher shook hands with.I dont know the foreigner with whom my teacher shook hands.注意：注意：介词介词+which(指物指物)，介
32、词，介词+whom(指人指人) 有的由动词有的由动词+介词构成的短语是不能分开的介词构成的短语是不能分开的 固定短语中如固定短语中如look after, look for, listen to等等。 This is the pencil that Ma Lili is looking for.Discovering Useful Structures30b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元2.根据先行词来选择介词根据先行词来选择介词。(介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，而和从句介词和先行词之间构成习惯搭配，而和从句谓语动词没多大系，此时介词位于关系代词之前。谓语动词没多大系
33、，此时介词位于关系代词之前。)He stood by the window, through which he could see what was happening outside.3.介词介词+关系代词关系代词=关系副词关系副词（when, why, where） This is the house in which/ where Chairman Mao once lived.Everyone knows the reason why/for which the high dam was built. Discovering Useful Structures31b y b e c k
34、点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元The pen is missing now.I wrote with the pen.Xiao Li is my good friend.I wrote a letter to him yesterday.I admired Mr Smith.I graduated from his class.Discovering Useful Structures32b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元非限制性定语从句？非限制性定语从句？Discovering Useful Structures33b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点
35、击进入各单元1. They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.2. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract , she found a substance that worked. 3.Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the highest international hon
36、ours .4. Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients .Discovering Useful Structures34b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元定语从句定语从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 ：紧跟紧跟在先行词后在先行词后, ,对先行词对先行词修修饰限制饰限制非限制性定语从句：与主句之间要用非限制性定语从句：与主句之间要用逗号隔开逗号隔开 ，对先行词或主句对先行词或主句补充说明补充说明Discovering Useful Structu
37、res35b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元限制性定从与非限制性定从的区别限制性定从与非限制性定从的区别1)意思意思2)引导词引导词3)关系代词的省略关系代词的省略4)先行词先行词5)不定代词不定代词/数词数词+of which/whom 结构结构Discovering Useful Structures36b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1.意思意思Please pass me the book which/that is on my desk.请把我桌子上的书递给我。请把我桌子上的书递给我。Please pass me my Chinese
38、 book, which is on my desk.请把我的语文书递给我，它在我桌子上。请把我的语文书递给我，它在我桌子上。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词意义上不可缺少的部分。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。是先行词意义上不可缺少的部分。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。先行词不唯一，缩小范围，限定先行词不唯一，缩小范围，限定非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是对先行词补充说明，关系不是非常密切，省去之后对主句没有多是对先行词补充说明，关系不是非常密切，省去之后对主句没有多大影响大影响。先行词唯一，附加说明，不需要限定先行词唯一，附加说明，不需要限定Discovering Useful Str
39、uctures37b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1. I have a sister who works in a hospital .2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital .Which one？I love my girlfriend, who is beautiful.I love my girlfriend who is beautiful.Discovering Useful Structures38b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元2.引导词引导词限制性定从限制性定从 关代关代:
40、that, which, who, whom关副关副: when, where, why=介词介词+which关形关形: whose 非限制性定从非限制性定从关代关代: which, who, whom, as 关副关副: when, where, =介词介词+which关形关形: whose = of which, of whomDiscovering Useful Structures39b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元3.先行词的省略不同先行词的省略不同限制性定从中，关系词作宾语，限制性定从中，关系词作宾语，可省略可省略非限制性定从中，关系词作宾语，非限制性定从
41、中，关系词作宾语，不可省略不可省略The car I bought last year does not work.The car, which I bought last year, does not work. Discovering Useful Structures40b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元4.先行词不同先行词不同限制性定从的先行词限制性定从的先行词不可为不可为整个句子。整个句子。非限制性定从的先行词非限制性定从的先行词可以为整个句子可以为整个句子。Huang Chudong won the first prize in pull-up compet
42、ition, which surprised us. As we all know, the Peoples Republic of China has existed for 70 years.The Peoples Republic of China has existed for 70 years, as we all know.Discovering Useful Structures41b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元非限制性定从的先行词为主句时非限制性定从的先行词为主句时, 只可用只可用as 或或which引导定从引导定从as和和which引导引导非限制性
43、定从非限制性定从的区别：的区别：As 位置：位置：可置于主句前、中、后可置于主句前、中、后 先行词：先行词：通常为整个主句通常为整个主句 含义：含义：“正如，如同正如，如同”Which 位置位置：置于主句之后 先行词先行词：可以是主句中的一个词、 主句的部分内容、甚至 整个主句 含义：含义：“这，那（件事）”As常用于as is well known, as often happens, as may be imagined, as we all know, as we can see, as we expect, as is often the case等结构中，which不能Discove
44、ring Useful Structures42b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1._ we all know, the earth is round.2. Tom won the competition, _ we had expected.3. Global warming, _we all know, has caused a lot of natural disasters.4. These apple trees, _ I planted three years ago, have not produced any fruits.5. The lazy bo
45、y got the highest score in the test, _ surprised me.6. John passed the exam, _ made his parents very pleased.Discovering Useful Structures43b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元5.all/some/many./数词等数词等+of which/whom为非限制性定从为非限制性定从 限制性定从没有这种结构限制性定从没有这种结构The students in our class, many of whom are not bad at Ma
46、ths, want to improve their Maths. China has 34 provinces, some of which are pretty poor.Discovering Useful Structures44b y b e c k点 击 返 回 目 录点击进入各单元1.The school _ was founded in 1902 has a history of 117 years. 2. Leiyang No.1 High School, _ I studied for 6 years, has a history of 117 years. 3.Leiya
47、ng No.1 High School, _was founded in 1902, has a history of 117 years.4 like girls _has black and long hair.5. I like girls _hair is black and long.6. I like the girl under the tree, _ has black and long hair.7. I like the girl under the tree, _ hair is black and long.8.2019, _we took the entrance e
48、xam to high school, is an unforgettable year for me. 9.The year _ we took the entrance exam to high school is an unforgettable year for me. 10. 2019, _ is my lucky year, is an unforgettable year for me.11.The year _ is my lucky year is an unforgettable year for me.12. Do you know Tom, _ we talked about? . .限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上形式上意义上意义上译法上译法上关系词上关系词上不用逗号和主句隔开不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开先行词不可缺少的定语先行词不可缺少的定语对先行词或主句补充说明对先行词或主句补充说明 译成译成 “.“.的的 ”译成译成 主句的并列句主句的并列句 做宾语可省略做宾语可省略 作宾语不能省略作宾语不能省略 whowho不可替代不可替代whomwhom 不可用不可用 that that 引导引导。
