1、专题七定语从句专题七定语从句【英语】第二部分语法知识考情精解读A.考点帮知识全通关目录CONTENTS考纲要求命题规律命题分析预测考点1关系代词引导的定语从句考点2关系副词引导的定语从句考点3介词+关系代词引导的定语从句考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句难点1 先行词相同,关系词不同的情况难点2 定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区别方法1 看从句缺什么成分方法2 巧用固定结构B.方法帮能力大提升C.考法帮考向全扫描考向1 考查非限制性定语从句考向2 考查限制性定语从句考情精解读考纲要求命题规律命题分析预测1.了解定语从句的基本用法;区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;熟知关系代词和关系副词的
2、用法并能正确判断使用哪种关系词。2.掌握介词+关系代词引导的定语从句及as和which引导的定语从句的区别。考纲要求考点2018年2017年定语从句全国,66题关系代词全国,69题关系代词全国,改错关系副词或介词+关系代词全国,70题关系代词全国, 44题关系代词全国,改错关系代词全国,改错关系代词全国,65题关系副词全国,47题关系代词命题规律定语从句仍会是高考考查的重点之一,考点集中在:关系代词(that, which, who)及关系副词(when, where)的选用上。在语篇型语法填空中以无提示词的形式对定语从句进行考查。命题分析预测A.考点帮知识全通关考点1关系代词引导的定语从句考
3、点2关系副词引导的定语从句考点3介词+关系代词引导的定语从句考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.关系代词的用法 引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。其用法列表如下:考点1关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词先行词关系代词在从句中充当的成分that指人或物主语、宾语、表语which指物主语、宾语、表语who指人主语、宾语whom宾语whose指人或物定语as指人或物主语、宾语、表语例 The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(先行词指物,that/wh
4、ich在从句中作宾语)例 The old man (whom/that/who) my grandpa is playing chess with is an old friend of his.那位正在和我爷爷下棋的老人是他的一个老朋友。(先行词指人,whom/that/who在从句中作宾语)例 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。(先行词指人,who在从句中作主语)例 The man chose to live in a room whose window faces the sea.那个人选择住在一间窗
5、户朝海的房间里。(先行词指物,whose在从句中作定语)英语 第二部分：语法知识巧学妙记：巧学妙记：关系代词的记忆口诀:前看先行人或物,后看从句缺宾主。物作先行that/which,人作先行that/who(m)。whose 通常作定语,人、物两者都兼顾。英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例12019山西吕梁高三段考,46Irresponsible drivers like to cut in on the road often make the driver behind respond by sudden braking. 解析解析句意:喜欢在马路上强行超车的不负责任的司机常常使后面的司机突
6、然刹车。空处引导定语从句,先行词是drivers,指人, 且空处在从句中作主语,故可填who/that。 答案答案who/that英语 第二部分：语法知识2.易混关系代词的辨析 (1)关系代词that与which1)只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing, all, none, some, few, little等不定代词或者先行词被all, any, no, little, few, much等词修饰时,只能用关系代词that引导定语从句。 例 Is there anything that I can do fo
7、r you?我可以帮你什么忙吗?英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例22019江西吉安六校联考,63All happens during those early years can influence children for the rest of their lives. 解析解析句意:所有早年发生的事情都会影响孩子们的余生。定语从句缺少主语,且先行词为不定代词All,故只能用关系代词that。 答案答案that 英语 第二部分：语法知识当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词只能用that。 例 This is the most amusing short play that I h
8、ave watched these years.这是我这些年来看过的最好笑的短剧。 例 As a student, the first thing that you should do every morning is to make a proper plan.作为一名学生,每天早晨你应当做的第一件事就是制订适当的计划。典例典例32019山东淄博段考,49This was the most valuable opinion was given by a foreigner two centuries ago. 解析解析空处在此引导定语从句,先行词是opinion,指物,在从句中充当主语,且先
9、行词前有形容词最高级修饰,故只能用关系代词that。 答案答案that 英语 第二部分：语法知识先行词被the only, the very等修饰时,关系代词只能用that。例 This is the only thing that I am after.这是我唯一追求的东西。当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时,为避免重复,其后的定语从句要用that引导。例 Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?那个坐在岩石上抽烟的人是谁?英语 第二部分：语法知识如果有两个定语从句,其中一个已经用了关系代词which,则另一个就要用that
10、以避免重复。例 The city has brought in some clothing enterprises which produce clothes that are mainly sold abroad.该市引进了一些服装企业,这些企业生产的服装主要向国外出售。先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that。Whenever I recall my classmates and funny things that still seem to be fresh in my mind, I cant help smiling.对于我的同班同学和那些好玩儿的事情,我似乎仍记忆犹新,每当想起我都会情
11、不自禁地笑起来。英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例4Peter and his car disappeared mysteriously in London in 1987 appeared mysteriously in New York in 1993. 解析解析分析句子结构可知, disappearedin 1987为定语从句,修饰先行词Peter and his car,先行词既有人又有物,定语从句用that来引导。 答案答案that英语 第二部分：语法知识2)只用which不用that的情况英语 第二部分：语法知识特殊情况例句在非限制性定语从句中This computer store
12、s a good amount of information, which is of great use to your research.这台电脑储存了大量信息,这对你的研究非常有用。关系代词前面有介词时This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。先行词为that时Whats that which is under the desk? 书桌底下的那个东西是什么?(2) 关系代词which与asas引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活,可以放在句首、句中和句末;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。 例 As we kno
13、w, China is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China, as we know, is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China is famous for its Four Great Inventions, as we know.众所周知,中国因四大发明而闻名。例 It was raining heavily, which kept us indoors.雨下得很大,我们出不了门了。英语 第二部分：语法知识as在从句中作主语时,后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如as is known, as
14、was said, as is reported等。如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态,一般用which作主语。 例 She is absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。 例 Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步,这使我很高兴。英语 第二部分：语法知识特别提醒：特别提醒：as常用在下列习惯用语中:as everybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样
15、as has been said before如前所述as is mentioned above正如上面提到的那样as is often the case情况往往是这样英语 第二部分：语法知识当先行词被the same, such修饰时,其后的定语从句用as来引导而不用which,关系代词as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 例 I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as作宾语) 例 He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语) 典例典例5I have never perform
16、ed such a task youve asked me to do. 解析解析句意:我从来没有做过你要我做的这种工作。分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,并在从句中作宾语。先行词task指物,且其前有such修饰,故此处用关系代词as引导定语从句,且as在从句中作do的宾语。 答案答案as英语 第二部分：语法知识3.whose的用法及其转换形式 (1)whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语,其后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。 例 Thats the child whose father is a teacher.那就是父亲是老师的那个孩子。(2)whose引导定语从句时,先行词不
17、仅可以指人,还可以指物。 例 This is a book whose cover is green.这是一本绿皮书。(3)of which/whom可以代替whose,词序一般是:the+名词+of which/whom,即whose+名词=the+名词+of which/whom。其中whose指物时,whose+名词还可用of+which+the+名词替换。英语 第二部分：语法知识 例 He lives in the room whose window faces south.=He lives in the room the window of which faces south.=H
18、e lives in the room of which the window faces south.他住在窗户朝南的房间里。 例 This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.=This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country. 这就是那位全国知名的科学家。英语 第二部分：语法知识1.关系副词的基本用法 引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why等。其用法如下表所示:考点2关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词先行词关
19、系副词在从句中所作的成分when(=at/on/in/during which)表时间时间状语where(=at/in which)表地点地点状语why(=for which)表原因原因状语 例 I was born on the day when(=on which) the PRC was founded so I was given the name Guo Qing by my father.我出生在中华人民共和国成立的那一天,所以爸爸给我取名国庆。 例 This is the house where(=in which)I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的
20、房子。 例 I dont know the reason why(=for which) he was absent today. 我不知道他今天没来的原因。英语 第二部分：语法知识典例典例6So long as you stick to it, the moment will definitely come you can have your dream come true. 解析解析句意:只要你坚持,你能实现自己梦想的那一刻肯定会到来的。本空需要关系词引导定语从句修饰the moment,关系词在从句中作时间状语,因此本空填关系副词when。 答案答案when英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例
21、典例72019黑龙江大庆第一次质检,48Admission to Loyola University Chicago she earned a BA in English was a turning point for her. 解析解析句意:录取进入芝加哥洛约拉大学对她来说是个转折点,在那里她拿到了英语学士学位。定语从句的先行词是Loyola University Chicago,空处在定语从句中作地点状语,故填where。 答案答案where英语 第二部分：语法知识2. 关系副词where的特殊用法 where引导定语从句时,先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词 (如place, home,
22、 school, village等) 外,还可以是表示抽象地点的名词 (如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。 例 He has got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他已经陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例8New lawyers often come across various cases they really dont know how to deal with a tough s
23、ituation in the beginning. 解析解析句意:新手律师开始的时候常常会遇到各种案件,在这些案件中他们真的不知道如何应对棘手的局面。本空应用关系词引导定语从句修饰cases,并在从句中作状语,因此用where。 答案答案where英语 第二部分：语法知识易混辨析：易混辨析：关系代词和关系副词的区别引导定语从句的关系代词及关系副词除了起连接先行词和从句的作用外,还有一个重要的作用,那就是它们在定语从句中作一定的成分。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句所缺的成分。若从句缺主语、宾语、定语或表语, 那么就用关系代词;若从句不缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么就用关系副词
24、。如:This is the mountain village that/which I visited last year.这就是我去年参观的山村。(关系词在从句中作宾语)I will never forget the days when I worked on the farm.我永远不会忘记我在农场劳动的那些日子。(关系词在从句中作状语)英语 第二部分：语法知识1.关系代词前介词的选择 考点3介词+关系代词引导的定语从句依据例句与从句中的谓语动词构成习惯搭配Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands?刚才跟你握手的那个女孩儿是谁?(搭配s
25、hake hands with)与前面的先行词构成习惯搭配Well never forget the day on which we climbed up the Great Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那天。(搭配on the day)英语 第二部分：语法知识依据例句与从句中的形容词构成习惯搭配He shows me some old coins with which I am not very familiar. 他给我看了一些我不是很熟悉的旧硬币。(搭配be familiar with)根据句子所要表达的意思We had supper at six oclock, after w
26、hich I went to see my uncle. 六点钟我们吃了晚饭,之后我去看了我的叔叔。(表示在之后用after) He wrote about 20 novels, of which this is the most successful. 他写了大概20部小说,其中这部是最成功的。(表示所属关系或整体的一部分常用of)特别提醒：特别提醒：一些动词短语由于是固定搭配,不宜拆分,所以不能将介词置于关系代词之前。这类常见的动词短语有:look after, take care of, listen to, look at, look into, run across, look fo
27、rward to, break into等。英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例9There are many occasions which you are left in a helpless situation, which you can depend on no one other than yourself. 解析解析句意:很多时候你处于无助的境地,在这种情况下,除了自己,你谁也依靠不了。第一空,此处用on which引导定语从句修饰occasions, on many occasions表示很多时候;第二空,此处用in which引导定语从句修饰situation, situati
28、on表示抽象的地点,其前常用介词in。因此第一空填on,第二空填in。 答案答案on; in英语 第二部分：语法知识2.关系代词的确定 在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中,先行词是物,则关系代词用which;先行词是人,则关系代词用whom。 例 Is this the pen with which you wrote the letter?这就是你写信用的那支钢笔吗? 例 This is the man from whom I learnt the news.我就是从这个人那里得知那个消息的。3.关系副词和介词+关系代词的互换 关系副词可以用介词+关系代词来替换。when=at/in/on/d
29、uring+which; where=at/in/on+which; why=for which。 英语 第二部分：语法知识 深化拓展：深化拓展：介词+关系代词的常见结构介词+关系代词除了单个介词+关系代词外,还有以下几种形式:1.复杂介词+关系代词(which, whom, whose)常用复杂介词:as a result of, at the back of, because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, at the foot of。 例 They arrived at a farmhouse, in front
30、 of which sat an old man.他们到达了一座农舍,农舍前坐着一位老人。英语 第二部分：语法知识2.单个介词+关系代词(which,whose)+名词介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。 例 He lived in London for three months, during which time he learned some English. 他在伦敦生活了三个月,在此期间他学了一些英语。 例 Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has com
31、pleted thirty years of teaching.我们的英语老师已经有30年教龄了,在他的帮助下我们的英语取得了巨大进步。英语 第二部分：语法知识3.the+名词+of+关系代词(which, whom)该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。 例 This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr. Jones.这就是那本封面由琼斯先生设计的书。英语 第二部分：语法知识4.表示部分的词语+of+关系代词(which, whom)常见的表示部分的词语有:不定代词all, both, none, either, some,
32、any, most, few, several等;数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级。 例 He has five children, all of whom are Communists. 他有五个孩子,他们全都是共产党员。 例 China has many islands, one of which is Taiwan.中国有很多岛屿,台湾是其中之一。 例 The football team has 15 members, the oldest of whom is 25 years old. 这支足球队有15人,其中年龄最大的25岁。英语 第二部分：
33、语法知识1. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句类别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式与主句之间不用逗号隔开与主句之间用逗号隔开关系词1.所有的关系代词和关系副词2.作宾语时可省略1.除that以外的关系代词和除why以外的关系副词2.即使作宾语也不可省略先行词主句中的某一个名词、名词词组或代词主句中的某一个名词或名词词组,也可以是整个句子意义对先行词进行限制、说明,是先行词不可缺少的定语,不可省去对修饰的词或句子作进一步的说明,省去之后主句意思依然完整翻译一般译成的,作先行词的定语 常译成并列分句 例 Is he the boy who got t
34、he first prize in the singing competition?(从句who gotcompetition修饰the boy,属限制性定语从句) 例 He tore up my photo, which made me very angry.(从句which made me very angry修饰前面的整个句子He tore up my photo,属非限制性定语从句) 例 This is the house where the artist was born.(此句含有限制性定语从句。从句where the artist was born不能省去,因为省去之后主句Thi
35、s is the house 意思不完整) 例 Li Pings father, who works in a factory, is an engineer.(此句含有非限制性定语从句。从句who works in a factory即使省去,主句Li Pings father is an engineer意思依然完整)英语 第二部分：语法知识2.定语从句中关系词选择的三点依据 (1)根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性;(2)根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物; (3)根据关系词在从句中所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语。英语 第二部分：语法知识3.非限制性定语从句中关系词的选用 (1)
36、关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略; (2)who (主语),whom(宾语),which(主语、宾语)不能用that代替,也不能互相替换;(3)在介词+which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句中,介词不能移到从句的后面; (4)关系副词when, where 可用于非限制性定语从句,而关系副词why不可以。英语 第二部分：语法知识 典例典例10This city, lies in the northeast and I spent my childhood, has been the countrys busiest port since the 1950s. 解析解析句意:这座城市
37、位于东北部,是我度过童年的地方,自20世纪50年代以来就一直是这个国家最繁忙的港口。根据句意和句子结构可知,这里两空都要用关系词引导非限制性定语从句,第一空用关系代词which引导定语从句并在从句中作主语(指物),第二空用where引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语。 答案答案which; where英语 第二部分：语法知识B.方法帮能力大提升难点1 先行词相同,关系词不同的情况难点2 定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区别方法1 看从句缺什么成分方法2 巧用固定结构先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时,虽然先行词一样,但是因为关系词在从句中所作的成分不同,所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点:1.先行词是
38、表示时间或地点的名词时,若关系词在从句中作时间或地点状语,则用when或where;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。试比较: 例 The date (that/which) Ill always remember is Oct.28, 1968. 我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。(关系词在从句中作宾语)。难点1 先行词相同,关系词不同的情况 例 The date when I was born is Oct.28, 1968. 我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(关系词在从句中作状语)。 例 After about an hours drive, we reache
39、d the small town where I was brought up and which/that is located at the foot of the mountain. 大约一个小时的车程之后,我们抵达了这个小镇。我就是在这个小镇长大的,它坐落在山脚下。(where在从句中作地点状语;which/that在从句中作主语)英语 第二部分：语法知识典例典例11The terrible accident happened on the day my father left for America, a day well never forget. 解析解析考查定语从句的引导词。句
40、意:那场可怕的事故发生在我的父亲前往美国的那天,(那是)我们永远都不会忘记的一天。句中含有两个定语从句,先行词都是day。第一空所填词在从句中作时间状语,所以用when引导定语从句;第二空所填词在从句中作宾语,所以用that或which引导定语从句。 答案答案when; that/which英语 第二部分：语法知识特别提醒：特别提醒： 遇到类似的题目,考生应特别注意从句中动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后应接宾语;不及物动词后如有介词,可加宾语,如无介词,则应用关系副词。英语 第二部分：语法知识2. 先行词是表示原因的名词reason时,若关系词在从句中作原因状语,则用why;若作主语、
41、宾语等,则用that或which。试比较: 例 The reason(which/that) he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。 例 The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。 英语 第二部分：语法知识3.先行词是way时,若关系词在从句中充当方式状语,关系词用in which, that或省略;若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语等成分,关系词用that或which。试比较: 例 It must be the
42、way (that/in which) you write that leads to your ugly handwriting.一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。 例 The way (that/which) you came up with at the meeting yesterday is well worth trying.昨天你在会议上提出的方法很值得一试。英语 第二部分：语法知识4.先行词是time时,如果time作次数讲,应当用关系代词that来引导定语从句;time作时刻一段时间讲时,若关系词在从句中作状语,则用关系副词when或at/in/during which,
43、若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语等,则用that/which。 例 This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country. 这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。 例 There was a time when/during which there were no radios or TV sets. 曾经有一段时间既没有收音机也没有电视机。英语 第二部分：语法知识难点2 定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区别类别区别例句定语从句与并列句并列句有and, but, so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接。并列句中绝对不可再用引导定语
44、从句的关系词。I have three cars, none of is in good condition. I have three cars, but none of is in good condition. 句中cars后面是非限制性定语从句,空格中填关系代词which;句中有并列连词but,题干是并列句,空格中填代词them。 续表英语 第二部分：语法知识类别区别例句定语从句与状语从句定语从句修饰、限定先行词,常放在先行词的后面,而状语从句说明动作发生的情况,可以放在主句的前面。Do you know the time when the meeting was over?(when
45、引导定语从句)When the meeting was over, itwas already five oclock.(when引导时间状语从句)when, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用介词+which的结构来替换,在引导状语从句时则不行。This is the school where (=in which) I once worked.(where引导定语从句)Put back the book where it was.(where引导状语从句)定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当某种句子成分,因此去掉之后从句成分不完整;而状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分,去掉后从句的成
46、分仍然完整。It is such an interesting book as we all like.(as引导定语从句,作动词like的宾语)It is such an interesting book that we all like it. (that引导结果状语从句,不充当从句成分)续表英语 第二部分：语法知识类别区别例句定语从句与同位语从句定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰或限制的作用,与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语从句的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名词的具体内容,与前面名词之间是同位关系。The suggestion that he c
47、ame up with is practical.(that引导的是定语从句,that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语,可省略)He gave me a suggestion that we should read aloud every morning.(that引导的是同位语从句,that在从句中不作成分,但不可省略) 选用哪一个关系词,主要看定语从句缺什么成分。如果缺少主语、宾语或表语,就要排除when, where, why 以及介词+which 结构;缺定语就用 whose;同样的道理,如果缺少状语,就先排除关系代词 who, whom, that, which, as。典例典例12If
48、a shop has chairs women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. 解析解析句意:假如一家商店有椅子,女士们可以让她们的男伴在那里坐一下,那么她们就会在那家商店多待一会儿。本空应用关系词引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语,因此填关系副词where。 答案答案where方法1 看从句缺什么成分 当题干中出现such, the same等或行为动词的被动语态时,就可考虑关于as的固定结构,如such.as.,the same.as., as is known, as is expected, 但还要注
49、意看定语从句是否缺主语、宾语或表语,如果不缺这三种句子成分,则不用as。 典例典例13Those houses are sold at such a low price people expected. 解析解析本空应用关系词引导定语从句并在从句中作expected的宾语;空处所填词与前面的such构成固定结构such.as.,表示像那样的,因此这里用as引导定语从句。 答案答案as方法2 巧用固定结构C.考法帮考向全扫描考向1 考查非限制性定语从句考向2 考查限制性定语从句命题透视命题透视: 关于非限制性定语从句,高考中考查较多的是关系代词which或who。考生应注意:关系代词that不能
50、引导非限制性定语从句;关系代词as 与which的区别。考生也应掌握where等关系副词引导非限制性定语从句的用法。考向1 考查非限制性定语从句 典例典例142018北京,5She and her family bicycle to work, helps them keep fit. 解析解析句意:她和她的家人骑自行车去上班,这有助于他们保持健康。分析句子结构可知,空处在此引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的整个句子,且从句中缺少主语,故填which。 答案答案which考向总结：考向总结：考生要牢记定语从句有逗号,无that。只要分析出来是定语从句,并且其前有逗号,那么就是非限制性定语从句,就
