1、 跨文化交际实用教程跨文化交际实用教程A Practical Coursebook A Practical Coursebook 3I. Why take Intercultural Communication?Discussion 2012-2-161. Warm-up Case1. Warm-up CasemPlease discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it. mA Case: Showing ConcernmIn China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired
2、. Youre oldCatherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. 42012-2-16Comment Comment mWhat the interpreter said is quite courteous in China. It means, “If you are tired, we can take a little rest, since you are getting on in years.”mThe interpreter gave the impression that he
3、 thought the elderly lady would collapse any minute if she doesnt rest immediately. 52012-2-16Comment Comment mIn the West, there is a value placed in being young that many people consciously, or subconsciously, are not willing to accept that they are growing old. 62012-2-16The western way of showin
4、g concern is generally different from the Chinese way. mIn China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre oldCatherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually expressed by statement. mIn the West: A: How are you doin
5、g now? Would you like to rest?B: No, not a bit. The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.72012-2-16Comment Comment mThis case clearly shows that translation is an intercultural communication, which requires the translator/ interpreter to possess both English cultural know
6、ledge and language competence. 82012-2-1692. Different attitudes towards the same object When one coin was lostEnglishman: Not surprised, shrugged his shoulders, going away, without being troubled by nothing.American man: Called a policeman, gave him his telephone number, left with a chewing gum in
7、his mouth.2012-2-1610German man: Made a mark within 100 miters on the ground, looking for the lost coin with a magnifying glass. Japanese man: felt sorry for his own carelessness, still blamed him at home, swearing not to make such a silly mistake again.2012-2-1611Agricultural Culture: worship land,
8、 love land, depend upon land, staying at point with movingNomadic Culture: worship nature, love nature, depend upon nature, moving from one place to another, not fixed at one point.Business Culture: ready to move farther and farther, making more profits for showing the value of life.3.People are cul
9、turally different2012-2-1612 If only 100 people left in the global If only 100 people left in the global villagevillage1. 17 speak Chinese2. 9 speak English3. 8 speak Dard4. 6 speak Spanish5. 6 speak Russian6. 4 speak Arabic. 7 . 5 0 s p e a k B e n g a l i Bangladesh, Japanese or French.2012-2-1613
10、4. People are religiously differentChristianity. About 21.4 billion Christians in the world. Bible. For philanthropy and equal for everybody. Islam. Meaning being obedient; Muslims are those who are obedient. Quran. Buddhism. Are you a Buddhist? Buddhists are taught to live for kindness rather than
11、evils.2012-2-1614If only 100 people left in the global If only 100 people left in the global villagevillage1.33 Christians2.18 Moslems3.14 Hindus4.16 no religion5.6 Buddhists6.13 different religions2012-2-16155. People are ideologically differentChinese people and Asians are a bit modest, live for h
12、armony, trying to avoid face to face conflict. Being collectivist. Westerners are being individualist, being equal and different. It is none of my business.2012-2-16166. People are racially differentWe are Hopo sapiens.Generally, the people in the world are classified into four major races, though n
13、ot universally accepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown2012-2-1617If only 100 people left in the global If only 100 people left in the global villagevillage1.61 Asians2.12 Europeans3.8 North Americans4.5 South Americans5.13 Africans6.1 Australasian 2012-2-1618 People a
14、re different throughout the world, culturally, religiously, ideologically and racially, actually different in almost every aspect, therefore we are supposed to know about their differences as much as possible, just for a smooth communication among the Homo sapiens, the people in the global village.
15、You will make it by coming to Intercultural Communication.Why take Intercultural Communication?2012-2-1619 The PurposeThe Purpose The general purpose of this course is to understand the ways in which culture interrelates with and effects communication processes. Intercultural learning involves affec
16、tive and behavioral processes, as well as cognitive ones. Throughout this course, you will have the opportunity to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes that will increase your intercultural communication competence. 2012-2-1620 The ObjectivesThe Objectives 1) To explore cultural self-awareness, othe
17、r culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two. 2) To understand how communication processes differ among cultures. 3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them. 4) To acquire know
18、ledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence. 5) To have an understanding of the meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.2012-2-1621 The ReasonsThe Reasons 1) Development of Science &Technology 2) Globalization of Econom
19、y 3)Widespread Immigration 4) Development of Multiculturalism 5) International Communication 6) Interracial Communication 7) Interethnic Communication or minority communication 2012-2-16II. What Is Culture? II. What Is Culture? 222012-2-161. Define cultures yourself1. Define cultures yourselfmPlease
20、 write down whatever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.232012-2-16242. Definition Final2. Definition Final 1) Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. 2) Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values,
21、customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. 2012-2-1625 3) Culture is an Integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the memb
22、ers of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance.4) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of
23、people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 2012-2-16265) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of peop
24、le.2012-2-16273. Elements of Culture3. Elements of Culture2012-2-164. Culture 4. Culture Three Three Ingredients:Ingredients:martifactsmconcepts (beliefs, values, world views)mbehavior e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and sav
25、ing of the money is behavior. 2012-2-1628295. What is culture like? 2012-2-1630 Culture Like an Iceberg Culture Like an Iceberga. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part)b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )2012-2-1631
26、culture 2012-2-1632 The Cultural Iceberg 2012-2-16The Iceberg of Culture2012-2-163334Objective Culture & Subjective Culture 1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals 2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practic
27、es, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupat
28、ion, kinship, etc.(4)nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions客观、主观文化 1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooki
29、ng, dress 2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions2012-2-1635Cultural IcebergCultural Iceberg1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情1 1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系
30、2 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、 对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策3 3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、 因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓4 4）朋友的意义、时间观念、对）朋友的意义、时间观念、对“个人个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、 肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的
31、概念、控制情感的模式肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式2012-2-1636 6. Characteristics of Culture1) Culture is shared. 2) Culture is learned. 3) Culture is based on symbols. 符号符号4) Culture is integrated.集成集成 5) Culture is subjective to change. 6) Culture is ethnocentric种族优越感种族优越感 .7) Culture is adaptive自适应自适应 .2012-2-16371
32、) Culture is shared. The members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture. 2012-2-1638 Actually, culture is not innate（ 先天）sensibility, but a learned characteristic.
33、Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals（仪式） they perform. When the children are growing in the community（社区）, their cultural education is advanced（先进）by watching social interactions, taking
34、part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.2) Culture is learned.2012-2-1639In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to b
35、e created that translates the ideals of the culture（文化理想 ） to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money. 3) Culture is symbolic. 2012-2-1640For the sake of（为求为求 ） keeping the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the langua
36、ge must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric （布，品质）（布，品质）of the culture, confusion and dysfunction （功能障碍功能障碍 ）would reign （统治统治 ）and the culture would f
37、ail.4) Culture is integrated.2012-2-1641It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static（静态）. They are constantly（经常） changing and evolving（演变 ） under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Cultures change through three most common mechanisms（机制 ）: inn
38、ovation, diffusion and acculturation (calamity).创新，传播和涵化（灾难）5) Culture is dynamic（动态（动态 ）2012-2-1642Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication（语言和非语言沟通） , is correct. Ethnocent
39、rists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint（无效，或古朴 ）.6) Culture is ethnocentric.2012-2-16 III. Communication III. Communication m Can you give some examples to explain the word communication?m What is communication? 432012-2-161.Definit
40、ion of Communication1.Definition of Communication Generally speaking, communication can be defined as a dynamic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process（事务性和上下文的过程 ）in which people create shared meanings or messages. 442012-2-162.Eight Ingredients of Communicationmbehavioral sourcemEncoding（编
41、码 ）mmessagemchannelmrespondermDecoding（解码 ）mresponsemFeedback（反馈 ）2012-2-1645IV. What is Intercultural Communication?2012-2-1646跨文化跨文化 471. Intercultural Communication DefinedIntercultural Communication means the exchange or communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds. 2012-
42、2-16加开机键加开机键2.Model of Intercultural Communication 482012-2-163.Comment 3.Comment mThe more similarities two cultures share, the less influence culture will have on communication. Therefore, the less messages will be changed during communication.mThe less the cultures are alike, the greater the infl
43、uence of culture on communication will be, and the more likely the messages will be changed. Misunderstanding in intercultural communication often arises here. 492012-2-164. Model of Intercultural Communication 50Suppose Culture A : Chinese culture Culture B: Japanese culture Culture C: American cul
44、ture 2012-2-16 mIf people from Chinese culture go to Japan, due to the similarities between Chinese and Japanese cultures, they can communicate with Japanese people without causing much misunderstanding. Or, people of the Japanese culture could understand most of what they say without their messages
45、 being altered too much. mHowever, when Chinese people communicate with American people, problems often occur because Chinese culture and American culture differ from each other greatly.512012-2-165. Barriers in Intercultural 5. Barriers in Intercultural Communication Communication mLanguage differe
46、ncesmNonverbal communicationmStereotypesmCultural bias on judgmentsmHigh level of stress522012-2-1653V. The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures2012-2-16541. The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleSaving Face Hardworking Formal2012-2-1655The attitudes by foreigners towards Chin
47、ese PeopleInsensitive to time Tending to misunderstand Beating about the bush2012-2-1656The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleObey but not Follow Being doubtfulBeing content2012-2-1657The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleNever kissed parents Shanzai everywhere2012-2-16582. T
48、he attitudes by Chinese towards WesternersKiss and hug anytime and anywhere Going Dutch2012-2-1659The attitudes by Chinese towards WesternersBeing punctual Mind your own business Too frank2012-2-1660 CC: Man is an integral part of nature, comply with the wishes of nature. ( (天人合一，顺天应物天人合一，顺天应物) ) WC
49、: Man is separate from nature, try to conquer the nature. ( (天人相分，征服自然天人相分，征服自然) )Man and Nation2012-2-1661 CC: Family ethnics first (家族伦理本位家族伦理本位) WC: Individuals first （个人本位）（个人本位） Conception of Family2012-2-1662 CC: Believe in harmony and the Doctrine of the Mean. 贵和尚中。贵和尚中。 WC: Trust in the spir
50、it of reasons. 理性精神。理性精神。 Man and Man2012-2-1663The way of lifeIndividual vs Group2012-2-1664The way of making commentsDirect vs Indirect2012-2-1665 PunctualityOn time vs Late2012-2-1666Personal RelationshipSimple vs Complex2012-2-1667Standing in a queue Line vs Fan2012-2-1668Walking in a street on
