1、一、Listenging and Speaking moraladj.道德的；道义上的 n品行；道德；寓意(1)the moral of. 的道德教训，寓意(2)its moral to do. 做是合乎道德的例句(1)The moral of this story is that one must see the beauty in what one has.故事的寓意是一个人必须看到已有之物的美处。(2)Confucius felt happy with this，because it is moral to take possession of things like this.孔子为此
2、感到很高兴，因为这种获取是合乎道德的。拓展a moral tale一个道德故事a moral person 有道德的人a moral judgement 道德判断moral standards 道德标准improve public morals 改善社会道德二 Reading and Thinking 1. carry sb. through sth.帮助某人度过难关carry sb. back to sth. 使回想起；使回忆carry off 赢得；获得；成功的对付carry on 继续移动carry out 实施；执行；落实carry sth. through 成功完成；顺利实现例句(1
3、)Its a difficult job but shes the person to carry it through这是一项艰巨的工作，但她是完成这项工作的人。(2)They are carrying out the plan now.他们现在正在执行计划。(3)Please carry on with your work while Im away.我不在时，请继续你的工作。(4)He carried off most of the prizes.他赢得了大部分奖品。2. majority大部分；大多数(1)a/the majority of. 大多数be in the/a majori
4、ty 占大部分/大多数(2)minority n.少数be in the minority 占少数(3)major n& v.主修；专业major in 主修；以为专业例句(1)Boys are very much in the minority at the dancing class.舞蹈班里男生占极少数。(2)Our country is a traditional agricultural society，with a majority of farming population.我们的国家是一个传统的农业社会，农村人口占绝大多数。(3)For example，if you look
5、at the audience at a classical concert，the majority are over the age of fifty.例如，你看一看听古典音乐会的观众，大部分是五十岁以上的。(4)When I have a different opinion，I may choose to give it up and respect the opinion of the majority.当我有不同的观点时，我可能会选择放弃并尊重大多数人的观点。注意(1)the majority单独作主语时，谓语动词用单复数形式均可。(2)the majority of复数名词复数谓语
6、动词the majority of不可数名词单数谓语动词3. respondvt.回答；回复vi.做出反应；回应(1)respond to sth. 对做出反应/回答(2)response n.回答；反应in response to 对做出反应make (a) response to 回答/响应；对做出反应例句(1)Clive responded to my suggestion with a laugh.克利夫对我提的建议报以一笑。(2)The director responded that he remained optimistic when asked about the compan
7、ys future.问到公司的未来的时候，经理回答说他依然乐观。(3)In response to the audiences great demand，the play will/would be put on in the theatre twice a week.应观众的强烈要求，这出戏将在这个剧院每周上演两次。(4)He made no response to my suggestion，which made me very disappointed.他对我的建议没有反应，这使我很失望。4. hirevt.聘任；雇用；租用 n租借；租用(1)for/on hire 供出租；出租(2)h
8、ire sb to do. 雇用某人做某事例句(1)This car is for/on hire.这辆车是出租的。(2)We hired a driver to take us on a tour of the city.我们雇了一个司机带我们游览这个城市。5. rejectvt.拒绝接受；不录用(1)reject sth. 拒绝接受某事；不予考虑某事(2)rejection n.拒绝接受；否决例句(1)The prime minister rejected any idea of reforming the system.首相对任何改革体制的想法都不予考虑。(2)Seventeen pub
9、lishers rejected the manuscript before Jenks saw its potential.17家出版社回绝了这部手稿，直到詹克斯看到了它的潜在价值。(3)The new managers proposal met with firm rejection新经理的建议遭到了坚决的拒绝。6. appointvt.任命；委派(1)appoint sb.to a post 派某人任某职appoint sb.as/to be. 任命某人为appoint sb.to do sth. 委派某人做某事(2)make/have an appointment with sb. 与
10、某人约会/预约keep/break an appointment 守/违约例句(1)Do they appoint him as the secretary?他们任命他为秘书了吗？(2)I have an appointment with Dr Smith，but I need to change it.我与史密斯医生有约，但是我需要改约。(3)They appoint Tom to take charge of all the activities on that day.他们指定汤姆负责那天的所有活动。7. electvt.选举；推选(1)elect to do sth. 选择做某事ele
11、ct sb.to. 选举某人进入elect sb.(as). 选举某人担任elect sb.to do sth. 选举某人做某事(2)election n. 选举例句(1)He is elected to be the leadership of the party.他被推举为党的领导人。(2)You can elect to stay here till 5 oclock or leave at once.你可以选择在这里待到5点或者马上离开。(3)He was elected as our monitor at the beginning of the term.他在学期开始时被选为我们的
12、班长。(4)The low level of interest in the election has been reflected in the unwillingness of the citizens to vote.人们对选举的兴趣很低，反映在公民不愿意投票。8. tendvt.照顾；照料vi.倾向；趋于(1)tend to do. 往往会/易于做某事tend (to) sb./sth. 照顾/护理/看护(2)tendency n.倾向There is a tendency(for sb.)to do sth.(sb.) have/has a tendency towards sth.
13、/to do sth. 倾向于(做)例句(1)The old tend to be cheated easily.老年人更容易被欺骗。(2)She tended (to) her husband carefully during his illness.丈夫生病期间，她无微不至地照顾他。(3)Now there is a tendency for more and more young people to take exercise in the gym.现在有一种趋势，越来越多的年轻人在健身房锻炼。注意“照料，护理”的多种表达法：look aftertake care ofkeep an e
14、ye onattend (to)9. retirevi.& vt.退休；退职；退出(1)retire from 从退休(2)retire early 提前退休例句(1)She retired from the bank last year.她去年从银行退休了。(2)He is hoping to retire early on healthy grounds.他希望以健康理由提前退休。10. To a person nothing is more precious than their life.对一个人来说，没有什么比他们的生命更加珍贵了否定词比较级“没有比更；没有像一样”，常用的否定词有n
15、o，not，never，nothing，nobody，hardly等。(1)比较级thanany other单数名词、(all) the other复数名词、anyone else、any of the other复数名词、the rest of复数名词或不可数名词、(2)can/couldnever/notbe形容词/副词enough、too形容词/副词、例句(1)Mr. Stevenson is great to work forI really couldnt ask for a better boss.为史蒂文森先生工作真好我实在找不到比他更好的老板了。(2)As far as Im
16、concerned，nothing is more important than hard study.就我个人而言，没有什么比努力学习更重要的了。(3)Your story is perfect；Ive never heard a bette one before你的故事太完美了；我之前从来没有听过比这更好的故事。(4)Tom is taller than any other student in our class.汤姆是我们班最高的学生。(5)You can never be too careful while crossing the street.过马路时，你越小心越好。11. Sh
17、e responded，“Id rather stay single to study all my life！”她回答说：“我宁愿为终生学习而保持单身！”句中would rather (not) do sth.意为“宁愿(不)做某事”。(1)宁愿做某事而不愿做某事would rather do sth. than do sth.would do sth. rather than do sth.prefer do sth. rather than do sth.prefer doing sth. to doing sth.(2)would rather that主语did sth. 表示对现在
18、或将来的虚拟(3)would rather that主语had done sth. 表示对过去的虚拟例句(1)简是一个文静的女孩，她宁愿待在图书馆也不愿去看电影。Jane is a quiet girl，who would rather stay in the library than go to see a movie.Jane is a quiet girl，who prefers to stay in the library rather than go to see a movie.Jane is a quiet girl，who prefers staying in the libr
19、ary to going to see a movie.(2)She would rather you came tomorrow than today.她宁愿你明天来而不是今天来。(3)I would rather you had finished your homework yesterday.我宁愿你昨天就做完作业。注意(1)使用would rather.than.句型时要注意平行结构，即than的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个介词短语等。(2)would rather后跟that从句要用虚拟语气。12. She immediately became the first w
20、oman ever to be hired as a resident physician in the OB-GYN department of the PUMC Hospital.她很快成为了第一个被聘为北京协和医学院妇产科住院医师的女性。句中不定式短语to be hired as a resident physician作后置定语，修饰the first woman。(1)在the first，the second，the last，the next，the only等词和形容词最高级后或在被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。(2)在time，way，chance，abilit
21、y，promise等抽象名词后，常用不定式作定语。例句(1)The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors.印象派画家是第一批在户外写生的画家。(2)The best way to travel is to take a high-speed train.最好的旅行方式是坐高铁。(3)The chance to go for a picnic has been ruined.我们去野餐的机会被毁了。13. The new Peoples Republic of China saw Dr Lin Qiaozhi playin
22、g a key role.新生的中华人民共和国见证了林巧稚博士所起的关键作用。see意为“见证；目睹；经历”时，常以表示时代、年代、世纪或地点的名词作主语，表示某时或某地“目睹、发生、经历”了某事。与see用法相同的动词有find，witness，say，experience等，这些词在句中作谓语，用物作主语时，表示一种拟人的手法，以增添语言色彩，使表达更形象。例句(1)National Day saw people singing and dancing happily in the street. They were all very cheerful.国庆节人们在大街上高兴地又唱又跳。他
23、们都兴高采烈。(2)The old temple has seen great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.这座古庙见证了过去二百年里这个村庄的巨大变迁。(3)The last forty years have seen the greatest changes in many fields of our country.过去40年来见证了我国各个领域的巨大变化。(4)The last thirty years have witnessed a large number of laws guaranteeing us
24、 our rights.过去的三十年里制定了大量保障我们权利的法律。(5)The dusk found a little girl crying in the street.黄昏时，一个小女孩在街上哭。14. scareadj.害怕的；对感到惊慌和恐惧的(1)scare.away. 把吓跑(2)be scared of (doing) sth. 害怕(做)某事(3)scaring adj.令人害怕的例句(1)She is scared of going out alone.她不敢一个人外出。(2)It scared me to think I was alone in the building
25、.想到楼里只有我一个人我挺害怕的。(3)I told myself they werent dangerous but that didnt stop me from feeling scared to death for a moment!我告诉自己它们并不危险，但是这样一点儿也不能抑制我那怕的要死的心情！(4)That scaring movie was so terrifying that Mark felt frightened at the thought of it.那部恐怖片太可怕了，以至于马克一想到它就感到害怕。15. replacevt.接替；取代；更换(1)replace
26、A with/by B 用B取代Areplace sb.as. 取代某人成为(2)take the place of sb.take sb.s place 代替某人in place of 代替in place 在适当的位置，恰当的例句(1)John is ill and I want to know who is going to take the place of(replace) him.约翰病了，我想知道谁将代替他。(2)They replaced their beloved old cars with expensive new sports cars.他们用昂贵的新跑车取代了心爱的旧
27、车。(3)Now that these basics were in place，I was ready to go all out to carry out the plan.既然这些基本的东西都准备好了，我就准备全力以赴去实施这个计划。三 Listening and Talking 1. assistvt.帮助；协助；援助(1)assist sb.to do sth. 帮助某人做某事assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事assist sb.in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事(2)assistance n.帮助；协助come to ones assistance 援助
28、某人(3)assistant n.助手；助理；售货员例句(1)We will have handy robots and computers to assist us with the things that are boring.我们将会有便捷的机器人和电脑来帮助我们处理那些枯燥无味的事情。(2)在我的日常生活中，我认为帮助母亲做家务是我的责任。In my daily life，I think it is my duty to assist my mother with the housework.In my daily life，I think it is my duty to assis
29、t my mother to do the housework.In my daily life，I think it is my duty to assist my mother in doing the housework.(3)With the assistance of his teacher, he gradually adjusted to the school life.在老师的帮助下，他逐渐适应了学校生活。2. chainn一连串(人或事)；链子；链条(1)a chain of 一连串的；一系列的(2)in chains 戴着镣铐；在囚禁中；当奴隶 例句(1)He now ow
30、ns a chain of 970 food stores.他现在拥有970家连锁食品店。(2)The prisoner was led away in chains.犯人戴着镣铐给带走了。Grammarv.ing形式作宾语补足语和状语一、v.ing形式作宾语补足语1(1)v.ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。When we returned to the school，we found a stranger standing at the entrance.当我们回到学校时，发现一个陌生人站在大门口。I found a bag ly
31、ing on the ground.我发现地板上放着一个包。(2)当主句转换为被动结构时，原来作宾语补足语的v.ing形式便转换为主语补足语。They found the result very satisfying.The result is found very satisfying.这个结果很令人满意。They heard him singing in the next room.He was heard singing in the next room.有人听到他在隔壁房间唱歌。2能用v.ing形式作宾语补足语的几类动词：(1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词，常见的有see，hear，fee
32、l，smell，find，notice，observe，look at，listen to等。We saw a light burning in the window.我们看见窗户里有一盏灯在亮着。Can you smell anything burning?你闻见有东西烧着了吗？(2)表示指使意义的动词，常见的有have，set，keep，get，catch，leave等。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.让你一直等着我感觉很抱歉。I cant get the clock going again.我不能让钟表再次转动。二、v.ing形式作状语1现在分词或分词
33、短语作状语时，可以在句中充当让步、时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、伴随或补充说明等状语。与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系(是主动的)。(1)Not coming on time, he was punished. Because he didnt come on time，he was punished.(原因)因为没有按时来，他受到了惩罚。(2)Reading the book, he nodded from time to time.While he was reading the book，he nodded from time to time.(时间)读书的时候，他不时地点头。(3)Wor
34、king hard，you will succeed.If you work hard，you will succeed.(条件)努力，你就会成功。(4)Having failed many times，he didnt lose heart.Though he had failed many times，he didnt lose heart.(让步)尽管失败了许多次，他仍然没有丧失信心。(5)The teacher stood there，reading a newspaper.The teacher stood there，and read a newspaper.(伴随，可以转化为一个
35、并列句)老师站在那儿，读着报纸。(6)Please answer the question using another way.(方式)请用另外一种方式回答问题。(7)The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.(补充说明)来访的部长表达了对谈判的认可，他还补充说他此次来访很愉快。(8)His father died，leaving him a lot of money.(结果)他爸爸去世了，留给他许多钱。2现在分词的否定结构现在
36、分词的否定式由“not现在分词”构成。(1)Not knowing where to go，she went to the police for help.不知道要去哪儿，她向警察寻求帮助。(2)Not being seen by anyone，the thief escaped.趁着没被任何人看见，小偷逃跑了。(3)Not having done it right，I tried again.第一次没做对，我又尝试了一次。3现在分词的时态(1)一般式：现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。She sat there，reading a novel.她坐在那里看小说。A li
37、ttle child learning to walk often falls.学走路的小孩常常跌倒。(2)现在分词的完成式所表示的动作通常在谓语动词的动作之前发生。Having finished her homework，the little girl began to watch TV.做完作业后，这个小女孩开始看电视。Having lived in Beijing for many years，Carter knew the city well.因为在北京住了多年，卡特对这个城市很熟悉。4现在分词的被动式现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语与现在分词动作是被动关系。(1)现在分词的一般被动式。
38、The building being built is our library.正在建的那栋楼是我们的图书馆。Being repaired，the swimming pool wont open until next month.由于正在被修理，直到下个月游泳池才会开放。注意being done常作定语，表示被动的动作正在发生。(2)现在分词的完成被动式。Having been warned by the teacher，the students didnt make such mistakes.被老师警告之后，学生们不再犯这样的错误了。Having been told many times，
39、he still did not know how to do it.被教授好多次了，他还是不知道怎么做。注意现在分词的完成被动式常作状语。5一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的情况，少部分动词ing形式可以充当独立成分，这时句子主语与其无任何语法关系，为固定形式。常见的有：generally/strictly/exactly/honestly speaking 大体上/严格/准确/老实地说；judging from/by 根据判断；considering 考虑到；concerning 关于。Generally speaking，women are more
40、 patient than men.一般来说，女性比男性更有耐心。四 Reading for Writing 1. disguisevt.装扮；假扮；掩盖 n伪装；化装用具(1)in disguise 伪装，化装(2)disguise oneself as 装扮成例句(1)The star travelled in disguise.这个明星化装出游。(2)He disguised himself as a girl.他装扮成一个女孩。2. trip over被绊倒trip up绊倒；跌倒；(使)犯错误例句(1)He started running to catch the bus but t
41、ripped over a stone and fell down.他开始跑着赶公交车，但被一块石头绊倒了。(2)Jim was running well until he tripped up and fell，losing the race.比赛中吉姆一直跑得很好，可后来跌倒在地，输了比赛。拓展trip over these roots被那些树根绊倒trip and fall 绊倒3. neither.nor既不也不neither.or.“既不也不”，连接句中两个相同的句子成分。连接并列主语时，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则。遵循“就近原则”的其他并列连词：either.or. 不是就是not
42、only.but also. 不仅而且not.but. 不是而是例句(1)To be honest，I have neither time nor money for the ball.诚实地说，我既没有时间也没有金钱参加舞会。(2)Last night neither my wife nor my parents were able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.昨天晚上我妻子和我父母都没能说服我女儿改变主意。(3)As is known to all，not only the nurses but also the doctor is
43、 very kind to the patients.众所周知，护士和医生都对病人非常和蔼。(4)Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。4. harmn& vt.伤害；损害(1)do sb./sth.harm(do harm to sb./sth.) 对造成伤害there is no harm in doing sth. 做某事无害处(2)harmful adj.有害的be harmful to 对有害harmless adj.无害的
44、例句(1)众所周知，吃太多垃圾食品对你的健康有害。What is known to us is that eating too much junk food is harmful to your health.It is known to us that eating too much junk food does harm to your health.(2)There is no harm in giving gifts to children，but they should not be rewards.给孩子们礼物没有害处，但不应该是奖励。(3)Modern farming metho
45、ds have done considerable harm to the countryside.现代的耕作方式已经对乡村造成了很大的损害。5. a great deal (of)大量；许多(1)a great/large number of、a great/good many、quite a few+可数名词复数+复数谓语(2)the number of+可数名词复数+单数谓语(3)a great deal of、a great/large amount of+不可数名词(4)a lot of/lots of、amounts of、a great/large quantity of/quantities of、masses of、plenty of+库数名
