1、一、名词二、代词三、冠词四、动词五、动词的时态：1. 一般现在时2. 现在进行时3. 一般将来时4. 一般过去时六、介词七、数词八、形容词和副词九、there be结构十、英语基本句型1.陈述句变否定句2.陈述句变疑问句3.特殊疑问句十一、单词分类一、名词名词名词具体名词具体名词抽象名词抽象名词普通名词普通名词专有名词专有名词个体名词个体名词集体名词集体名词名词名词可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词单数单数复数复数英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。）复数（表示多于一个的人
2、或数）。只有可数名词才有复数形式。只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词的数：名词的数： 名词复数形式的构成名词复数形式的构成不规则名词的复数不规则名词的复数由元音字母的变化构成：由元音字母的变化构成： man-men, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mouse-mice, woman-women2. 有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样： sheep, deer, fish(但也可以是但也可以是fishes)有些名词变成复数时加有些名词变成复数时加-en: child-children, ox-oxen所有格所有格所有格的形式所有格的形式单数人称名
3、词末尾加单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls以以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess下列情况一般用下列情况一般用 “of”结构：结构：东西东西(没有现成的复合名词时没有现成的复合名词时): the book of the film2. 东西的一部分东西的一部分: the bottom of t
4、he box3. 抽象的概念抽象的概念: the price of success4. 当当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时： Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?双重双重 s结构也可以用于结构也可以用于 “of”结构之后，如：结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers , 出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：一个限定词，又如：this son of mine, a friend of yours, a cousin
5、 of hers等等。等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.Practise peach_ 2. zoo _ 3. glass _4. fox _ 5. lady _6. policewoman _ 7. house _8. photo _ 9. monkey _10. wife _ 11. rose _12. path _ 13. judge _14. map _peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenh
6、ousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps二、代词主格： I we you she he it they宾格： me us you her him it them形容词性物主代词： my our your her his its their名词性物主代词： mine ours yours hers his its theirs 第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称后跟名词后跟名词能够在句子中独立作能够在句子中独立作主语、宾语或表语主语、宾语或表语 主格主格一般放在句前，一般放在句前，宾格宾格一般放在一般放在动词动词或者或者介词介词后面后面
7、Practise_(他) is my brother.2. I had a letter from _ (她).3. Its all right; its only _(我).4. Today _(我们) went in _(我们的) car; tomorrow _(我们) are going in _(他们的).5. _(我) lend _(我的) books gladly to _ (我的) friends and to _(你的).6. Can you help _(我) with _(我的) English.7. When _(你) go to see _(你的) father, pl
8、ease take these books to _(他).8. _(他们) found _(它) difficult to learn German.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit冠词不定冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词单数可数名词复数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词名词前可不用冠词三、冠词三、冠词不定冠词的用法：不定冠词的用法：表示表示“一一”，“任何一个任何一个”或或“不管哪一个不管哪一个”的意思。的意思。 I have a
9、 sister and two brothers.2. 在某些度量表示法中：在某些度量表示法中： We have PE lessons three times a week.3. 用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。等。 George wants to be an engineer.4. 在以在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。 What a pretty girl!5. 一些常用短语中。一些常用短语中。 have a good time, half an hour, have a
10、headache.定冠词的用法：定冠词的用法：用来表示用来表示“独一无二独一无二”的意思。的意思。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2. 表示表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。 There is a boat in the river. The boat is made of wood.3. 用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。 the letter from America, the fourteenth of April4. 用在泛指的乐器名词前。用在泛指的乐器
11、名词前。 He plays the piano.5. 一些常用短语。一些常用短语。 by the way, in the morning, Whats the matter?零冠词的用法：零冠词的用法：泛指的抽象名词前。泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people.2. 泛指的物质名词前。泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful.3. 泛指的复数名词前。泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends.4. 泛指的泛指的“餐餐”名前。名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5
12、. 大多数的专有名词前。大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France.6. 语言的名词前。语言的名词前。She can speak French.7. 在季节和节日的名词前。在季节和节日的名词前。Winter is the best time for skating.8. 当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier.9. 在体育项目的名词前。在体育项目的名词前。play basketball1. 10. 一些常用短语。一些常用短语。 at home, go to school, at night四、动词四、动词 动词主
13、要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。 小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词动词、情态动词can等。等。Be动词am, is, arewas, werebeenPractise1. He _ very good at English. 2. My father and I _ going to Beijing next month. 3. _ you on duty the day before yesterday? 4. Mr. King
14、_ in London two weeks ago. 5. There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo. 6. What _ the date yesterday? 7. Look! A little girl _ flying a kite. 8. Who _ not at school last Monday? 9. Have you ever _ to Japan?10. I _ not a nurse. I work as a doctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasbeenam动词的基本形式第三人称单数现在式 动词动词be和和
15、have的第三人称单数现在式的第三人称单数现在式分别是分别是is和和has。动词的过去式现在分词hashadhavinggivesgavegivinggetsgotgettingreadsreadreadingsweepssweptsweepingplaysplayedplayingcarriescarriedcarryingPractise五、动词的时态动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。小学阶段所学的时态有：小学阶段所学的时态有： 一般现在时：work/works 2. 现在进行时：am/is/
16、are working 3. 一般将来时：am/is/are going to work1.4. 一般过去时：workedalways usually often sometimes neverI / You / We / TheyHe / She / It+ do(动词原形动词原形)+ does(第三人称单数第三人称单数）1. +s e.g. plays visits 2. +es (以以o, ch, sh, s, x结结 尾）尾） e.g. goes watches washes kisses fixes3. 以辅音字母以辅音字母+y结尾的结尾的去去y变变i+es e.g. fly -fl
17、ies4. 不规则变化不规则变化e.g. have - has now / look / listenIWe / You/ TheyHe / She / Itamareis+ doing + ing e.g. doing2. 末尾只有一个辅末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音音字母的重读闭音节要节要双写双写最后一个最后一个字母字母+ing e.g. swimming running getting3. 以哑巴以哑巴e结尾，结尾，要要去去e再再+ing e.g. write -writing take -takingtomorrow / the day after tomorrow / next we
18、ek / next month / next year.I We / You / TheyHe / She / Itamare is going to doI / We / You / They / He / She / It + will doyesterday / the day before yesterday / three days ago / one month ago / last year / last month / last night / yesterday eveningI / We / You / They He / She / It+ did1. +ed e.g.
19、played2. 以以e结尾结尾+d e.g. danced 3. 末尾只有一个辅音字母的末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节要双写最后一个重读闭音节要双写最后一个字母字母+ed e.g. stopped4. 以辅音字母以辅音字母+y结尾的将结尾的将y变变i+ed e.g. fly - flied 5. 不规则不规则 e.g. do - did go - went take - tookPeter _ (play) basketball twice a week.2. Do you believe what he _ (say) just now?3. Look! The lazy cat _ (
20、sleep) in the sofa.4. There _(be) a book and two pens on the desk.5. _you _(see ) a film tomorrow morning? 6. She _(not play) the guitar at the moment.7. What _his father usually _(do) in the evening ?8. They _ ( have ) a meeting next week, arent they? 9. Both he and I _ (be) teachers. 10. I _ (not
21、feel ) very well yesterday .11. He put on his coat and _ (go) out.12. Lei Feng often _ (help) others and he was helpful. Next Sunday, we _ (clean) up the park.14. Hurry! Your mother _ (wait) for you at the school gate.Practiseplayssaidis sleepingisAregoing to seeisnt playingdoesdoare going to havear
22、edidnt feelwenthelpsare going to cleanis waiting六、介词六、介词介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。方位介方位介词词in, on, at, under, to, behind, beside, near, before, in front of, next
23、 to, between时间介时间介词词in, on, at, after, before, fromto, past, between 其它其它of, by, with, into, out of, for, Practise1. Look _ the picture. Its picture_ my school. 2. There is a school building _ my school. It has five floors._ the school building, there is a big playground. _school, the children alway
24、s play ball games there. 3. My classroom is_ the fifth floor. Its big and clean. 4. Miss Li is our class teacher. She comes _ school early every morning. She comes _bicycle. Then she does morning exercises _us. She likes sports. Tomorrow is her birthday. We will make a card _ her. We love her very m
25、uch. 5. There are some apples _ the tree. 6. Wheres your study? Its next _ my bedroom.7. The car _ the tree is Jacks. 8. The ball is_ the door, so you cant see it.9. _ _ _the house, there are many trees. 10. Listen! Someone is knocking _the door.11. There is something wrong _ my computer.atofinNearA
26、fterontobywithforontounderbehindIn front ofatwith七、数词 表示数目的词称为基数词表示数目的词称为基数词 表示数目顺序的词称为序数词表示数目顺序的词称为序数词112的基数词的基数词：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve1319的基数词：的基数词： thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen2090的基数词：的基数词： twenty, thirty,
27、 forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety2129的基数：的基数： twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine thirty-nine, forty-eight, fifty-seven.-teen-ty十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”2. 百位数百位数：one hundred, two hundred, three hundr
28、ed, four hundredfive hundred and eight-six, six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight, eight hundred and one3. 千位数千位数：one thousand, four thousand, seven thousand one hundred and five百位数和十位数之间加百位数和十位数之间加and。 注意注意 英语中没有英语中没有“万万”这个单位，所以常用这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。来表示。ten thousand, thirty thousand,
29、 fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two英语序数词第英语序数词第1-19除了除了first, second与与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀基数词加后缀-th构成。构成。 注意：注意：fifth, eighth, ninth和和twelfth的拼法。的拼法。2. 十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的中的y变变为为i，然后加后缀，然后加后缀-eth,
30、如：如： twentytwentieth, fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用序数词，中间用“-”连字符。如：连字符。如： twenty-fourth, ninety-fifth4. 百、千、万等的序数词由百、千、万等的序数词由hundred, thousand, million等加等加-th,前面加前面加有关的基数词构成。如：有关的基数词构成。如： one hundredth, one thousandth 注意：序数词前的注意：序数词前的one不能用不能用a代
31、替。代替。 one hundred and twenty-firstPractise1. There are _ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five2._people visit this museum every day.A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of3.There are t
32、wo_ people in the meeting room.A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of4._ trees have been planted in our school in the past 10 years.A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of5. My brother is in_.A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Cl
33、ass Three D. class three, grade one6. We are going to learn_ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six D. Book Six 7. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this_. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy
34、-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-fiveCDAABDC8. The year 1999 should be read The year_. A. nineteen and ninety-nine B. nineteen ninety-nine C. one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D. nineteen hundred and ninety-nine9. He will come here _
35、tomorrow morning.A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two D. till tenth 10. Every day he begins to do his homework _.A. at ten past seven B. at seven pass tenC. on ten past seventh D. until ten 11. We all like the_ boy.A. of ten years old B. ten-year-old C. at ten old D. of age of ten 12. There are_ months i
36、n a year. December is the _ month of the year.A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D. twelve; twelveth 13. During_ century, the world population has already reached 6 billion.A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth D. the twenty14. Jenny was born_.A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10
37、, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 D. on 1987, July 10 BBABBBA八、形容词和副词形容词形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。副词副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。句的词。 He is a good student. 2. The film is very interesting. 3. There is something wrong with the bike. 4. Lucy is older than Helen. The problem is ver
38、y difficult. 2. He wrote the letters carefully. 1. 方式副词：方式副词：carefully, quickly, suddenly 2. 地点副词：地点副词：here, there, up, down3. 时间副词：时间副词：yesterday, today, now4. 程度副词：程度副词：very, quite, much, just形容词和副词的比较级和最高级比较级的用法1. 用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比比更更一些一些”的意思，通常用一个由从属连词的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语
39、从句来表示和什引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：Helen is taller than Lucy.He got more information than I did.He runs faster than I.2. 如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用 “as+形容词形容词/副词副词+as”, 形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可以用比较时，可以用not asas, not soas, 也可以
40、用也可以用lessthan，如：，如：Jimmy is as tall as his father.I dont write as/so well as Helen.This film is less interesting than that one.比较级的用法3. 为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较双重比较”的方的方法，这种结构后面不可跟法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如：引导的比较状语从句。如：He is crying harder and harder.Our country gets more and more beau
41、tiful.Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster.4. 表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一一起用，表示起用，表示“越越，就越，就越”的意思。如：的意思。如：The higher the mountain is, the thinner the air is.The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back. Practise1. Shanghai is _than Bei
42、jing. It is _ city in our country. (large) 2. Bill isnt as _ as Mike. Tom is _ than Mike. Who is _ of the three boys? (old) 3. Mary draws as _ as Bill, and she is much _ than him at singing. (well, good) 4. Spring is coming. The weather is getting _ and _.(warm) 5. Tom, Jon and I bought a computer e
43、ach last week. Johns computer is much _ than Toms and mine. It is _ of the three. (expensive) 6. It is a little _ today than yesterday. (wet) 7. Mrs Brown is much _ than she was two years ago. (healthy) 8. Which do you like _, basketball, volleyball, or football? (well) largerthe largestoldolderthe
44、oldestwellbetterwarmerwarmermore expensivethe most expensivewetterhealthierbest九、There be 的结构肯定句：肯定句： There is/was a There are/were 一般疑问句一般疑问句:Is/Was there ? Yes, there is/was. No, there isnt/was. Are there? Yes, there are/were. No, there arent/werent.否定句：否定句： There isnt/wasnt . There arent/werent.T
45、here be表示表示 “存在有存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不或不存在存在)常用这种结构。其中常用这种结构。其中there是引导词是引导词,本身无词义本身无词义;be为谓为谓语动词语动词,后面跟的是名词后面跟的是名词,也就是主语也就是主语,也就是说也就是说there be结构结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之之后。后。 There be 的结构 Some 和和 any 一般情况下，一般情况下， some用于肯定句中，用于肯定句中， any用于否定句中。如：用于否定句中。如： There
46、is some milk in the bottle. There arent any pictures on the wall. Is there anything new in todays newspaper?3. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句：Whats in the basket? There are some eggs in it.2) How many students are there in your class?1) There are fifty students.2. Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则： There is a pen and tw
47、o pencils in the box. There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.Practise1There _ no tea in the cup Ais Bare Chas Dbe 2There_ in the next room Ais Tom Bare some boys Care they Dis the boy 3There is some _on the plate Aapple Bbread Cbanana Dsandwich 4There _ some paper and a pen on the de
48、sk Ais Bare Chave Dhas 5Theres going to _ in tomorrows newspapers Ahave something new Bhave new something Cbe something new Dbe new something 6There is some milk in the bottle， _ ？ Aisnt there Barent there Cisnt it Dare there 7 _ is there on the table？ AHow many apples BHow much bread CHow much brea
49、ds DHow many food 8There is _ old woman in the car A Ba Cthe Dan ABBACAAD9Theres _ orange tree behind _ house Aan ；the Ba；a Cthe；the 10There is _ map in the classroom_ map is on the wall Aa；A Bthe；The Ca；The Dthe；A 11There is _ “f”and _ “u”in the word“four” Aan；a Ba；a Can；an Da；an 12There _ not any
50、water in the glass Ahas Bis Care 13There _ an apple and ten bananas in the basketYou can take any of them Aare Bis Chas Dhave 14 _ any flowers on both sides of the street？ AIs there BAre there CHas DHave 15There is little water in the glass， _ ？ Aisn t there Bisnt it Cis it Dis there 16There _ some
