1、.1.2Abstract Reading by many people-Advertise! Summarize paper Self-contained Brief(100200words) No figures or references.3一、英文摘要的类型 指示性（概括性）摘要：多用于理论性较强的论文，主要概括论文的主要观点、研究范围、分析过程、内容梗概和结论，并不定量报道其具体内容，如具体数据等。 信息性（报道性）摘要：多用于实验性和技术性较强的论文，主要报道论文的研究成果、数据和结论。.4二、英文摘要的特点 语言特点：准确、简洁、明了 结构特点： 背景与目的 内容与方法 结果、结论
2、与前景 句子结构特点： 句首传递信息要点的句子多 被动语句多，定语、补语多.5三、英文摘要常用句型 常用于摘要开头部分：the results ofA simple method for cases ofthe approach foran attempt to (do)1.(In this paper,)is (are)presenteddescribed (through)reported (under)discussed (along with)analyzed.62.The chiefaimpurposeobjectobjectiveofthe present studythis in
3、vestigationthe researchthese studiesis (was/has been/will be)to obtain to evaluate to find out to establishto asses .73.The present study The above study This investigation was (has been)designedmadecarried outperformedattemptedwith a view toin order totoclarify determine establishpoint out demonstr
4、ate .84. Our studies Their pioneer studies These investigationsaim toclarify determine establish demonstrate provide evidence forbring out .9常用于摘要结尾部分1.The studies we have performed These pioneer studies attempted by us The studies initiated in their laboratory We carried out several studies which A
5、ll further investigationsshowhave shown(have) demonstrated that(have) suggested(have) revealed.102.The studies The resultsThe testsThe researches(have) shown(have) suggestedillustratedrevealedthat .11四、英文摘要翻译原则 要避免按中文的字面意思逐字逐句生搬硬译，即避免“中国式英语”； 领悟汉语中所隐含的逻辑关系，运用适当的关联词语对原文结构进行必要的变动； 注意中英文差别，遵循并使用英文习惯用法。
6、.12五、英文摘要翻译要求 语法方面： 多使用行为抽象名词与动词相应的名词形式，有助于用少语言表达更多信息； 用单个词代替词组。 句法方面： 运用长句多于短句，简单句多于复合句； 中文摘要惯用无人称句，长句出现也较频繁，翻译时，不应以汉语的自然句来硬译，须重新安排。.13五、英文摘要翻译要求 时态方面： 一般现在时：用于介绍研究目的、内容、结果、结论等客观事实； 现在完成时：用来说明论文的发展背景，表示已取得的成果，已完成的工作或项目； 一般过去时：用于说明某一具体项目的发展情况，介绍已进行的研究、实验等。.14五、英文摘要翻译要求 语态方面：被动 可避免提及文章的作者或动作的执行者； 突出摘
7、要的客观性； 突出要表达的有关信息 缩略语.15Avoid the use of “it” and “this” example 1 The prediction were compared with the experimental results. It was found that (bad) The results showed that (better) Comparison of the predicted and experimental results shows that (best).16Avoid the use of “it” and “this” example 2
8、It is obvious that the electric current had little effect on the convective heat transfer coefficient but is caused large changes in Table 1. (bad) The data in Table 1 shows that (good).17soresulted in a comparatively short precooling period,Do not use excessively long sentences example 3 This is be
9、cause of ahigh dc current ora low ambient temperature,the precooling period was comparatively shortandthe thermal penetration region would therefore beso the natural convection would beneglected.Awhich is equivalent towasandwasthin,.18example 4 本文通过实验的方法对中温辐射条件下受体温度的测量，利用能量守恒方程及斯蒂芬-波尔茨曼定律通过和黑体黑度的比较将
10、实际物体的黑度计算出来，从而得出中温辐射时物体的黑度是随温度的升高而增大的规律，并对实验进行模拟，得出了实际物体在中温条件下的函数关系，并粗略的对误差进行分析和改进。.19本文通过实验的方法对中温辐射条件下受体温度的测量，This article through the experimental method to the warm radiation condition ender the acceptor temperature determination.This paper, under the media temperature of thermal radiation, an ac
11、tual substance temperature was measured experimentally.20利用能量守恒方程及斯蒂芬-波尔茨曼定律通过和黑体黑度的比较将实际物体的黑度计算出来，Defends the horizontal equation as well as SiDiFen-Boerziman; using the energy, the Boltzmann law through calculates with the blackbody blackness comparison actual object blackness.Comparison of the bl
12、ackbody and actual substance shows the emittance, which is based on conservation of energy and Stefan-Boltzmann law.21从而得出中温辐射时物体的黑度是随温度的升高而增大的规律，When obtains the warm radiation object blackness is a rule which increases along with the temperature ascension. The result was obtained that the emittanc
13、e of actual substance increases with increasing temperature.22并对实验进行模拟，得出了实际物体在中温条件下的函数关系，并粗略的对误差进行分析和改进。And to tested carries on has drawn up and has obtained the actual object and at the beginning of slightly carries on the analysis under warm condition function to the error, the appraisal and sam
14、e improvements.With experimental simulation, the studies showed that the emittance is the function of temperature. And the experimental error and improvement method was analyzed also.23exercise 本工程设计是天津市的一座综合办公楼的空调工程设计。总建筑面积为110000平方米。地下三层，地上十六层。夏季空调设计尖峰负荷2972kW，冬季采暖设计尖峰负荷2571kW。综合考虑影响初期投资及运行成本的各种因素，以期达到最佳的经济效益，夏季空调集中供冷采用双工况冰蓄冷中央空调系统。 该设计采用了全空气系统和风机盘管加新风制冷系统。该设计详细介绍了系统方案的确定和该系统的冷、热负荷的计算、新风量的计算、气流组织的校核、风系统、水系统的水力计算、冰蓄冷系统的设计、设备的选型、及冷水机房的设计和系统的布置等内容。
