1、1被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译 语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的语态是表明句子中谓语与主语之间关系的一种语法手段。相比汉语,英语中被动语态使一种语法手段。相比汉语,英语中被动语态使用范围大、频率高。因此,在翻译时,我们可用范围大、频率高。因此,在翻译时,我们可以根据两种语言的习惯,从句式和辅助词语两以根据两种语言的习惯,从句式和辅助词语两个方面进行语态转换。个方面进行语态转换。 1被动语态的翻译被动语态的翻译21.1 译成被动句译成被动句 英语被动句是由英语被动句是由“助动词助动词be+过去分词过去分词”构成,构成,在译成汉语时,除了用在译成汉语时,除了用 “被被”表示外,还可以运用表示外
2、,还可以运用其他词语,如其他词语,如 “受受”、“遭遭”、“让让”、“给给”、“叫叫”、“由由”、“把把”、“挨挨” “为为所所”、“加以加以”、“予以予以”等。例如:等。例如:一、一、 英译汉中被动语态的翻译英译汉中被动语态的翻译被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译31) The optimists believe defeat is not their fault: circumstances, bad luck, or other people brought it about. Such people are not bothered by defeat. 乐观主义者相信失败并不是他们的错,环
3、境、运气不佳乐观主义者相信失败并不是他们的错,环境、运气不佳或其他人都可能造成自己的失败。这些人从不或其他人都可能造成自己的失败。这些人从不为为失败失败所所困扰困扰。当乐观主义者参加竞选时,他们比悲观主义者更容易当乐观主义者参加竞选时,他们比悲观主义者更容易当选当选。2) When optimists run for office, they are more apt to be elected than pessimists are.被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译43) Americans eat a lot of beef because there is plenty of land fo
4、r raising cattle and their meat can be shipped cheaply for long distance by railroad. 4) Late in November, street lights and store windows are decorated with the traditional Christmas colors of red and green. 美国人牛肉吃得很多,因为美国有大量的土地可用来美国人牛肉吃得很多,因为美国有大量的土地可用来养牛,而且牛肉可以养牛,而且牛肉可以由由铁路以低廉的价格进行长途铁路以低廉的价格进行长途运
5、运输输。11月下旬,街灯和商店的橱窗都用红和绿这两种传统的月下旬,街灯和商店的橱窗都用红和绿这两种传统的圣诞节颜色圣诞节颜色加以装饰加以装饰。被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译5A . 把被动语态译成汉语被动句把被动语态译成汉语被动句1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising.这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。 2) Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants.到目前为止,二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污
6、染物中最严重的一种。TIP:当句中不出现行为主体时,有时可以在谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义 被动语态的翻译 63) All around, the hill were black with oil, and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周,由于蒙上了一层油,山峦是黑色的,有的山峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。4) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。TIP: 在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、“受”、“
7、给”等字,在这类句子中,在“被”、“由”、“受”、“给”等字后面,在动词前面,有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。被动语态的翻译 7 使用“是的”、“为所”句型 “是的”、“为所”这些句子着重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什么地点做的等等。例如:5) Poets are born, but orators are made.诗人是天生的,而演说家则是后天造就的。6). Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。(喻“不身体力行不足以成事”)7). In his late thirties he
8、 was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career.近四十岁时,由于事业上的挫折,他几乎为失意所毁。 被动语态的翻译 88) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.运动定律将在下文中予以讨论。9) The details of the facade will be further fitted up to match the interior.铺面将进一步加以装修,使之与室内装饰浑然一体。使用“加以”、“予以”字样 表达被动含义
9、。 被动语态的翻译 9 1.2 译成主动句译成主动句 英译汉时,不少英语被动句被译成汉语主动句,使句英译汉时,不少英语被动句被译成汉语主动句,使句子更符合汉语习惯。子更符合汉语习惯。2) Here, hold the baby while I fix her blanket. Its all pulled out. 1) Dont be alarmed if your newborn fails to be startled by loud noises or fails to turn toward sound.如果你的新生儿听到响声并如果你的新生儿听到响声并不吃惊不吃惊,或者没有把头转,或
10、者没有把头转向发出声音的方向,向发出声音的方向,不必慌张不必慌张。来,抱着孩子,我把毯子弄弄好,全都来,抱着孩子,我把毯子弄弄好,全都拉散了拉散了。被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译103) When the meal is finished, the guests put their napkins on the table and rise. 4) The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island. 吃完吃完饭后,客人们把餐巾放在桌上并起
11、身。饭后,客人们把餐巾放在桌上并起身。科学家们科学家们给给猴子白薯,想把它们引到海岛的岸边。猴子白薯,想把它们引到海岛的岸边。被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译111). His pride must be pinched.他这股傲气应该打下去。2).The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸汽机发明的结果是,机械力代替了人力。B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句把被动语态译成汉语主动句当英语被动句中的主语是无生命的名词,而且句中一般没有由
12、介词by引导的行为主体时,这种句子常常可译成汉语的主动句,而不需加什么词。当被动句中有地点状语,由介词“by”引导的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时,有时可把这种状语译成主语,将介词省略,而把原主语译成宾语,这样,就更符合汉语的习惯。如例2 被动语态的翻译 12 1.3 译成判断句译成判断句 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质等加以描写,其作用与系表结构类似态、过程和性质等加以描写,其作用与系表结构类似, 因此,此因此,此类句式可翻译成中文的判断句。例如类句式可翻译成中文的判断句。例如: l) Ever
13、ything in the world is build up from atoms.世界上最早的炸药世界上最早的炸药是是在中国在中国制造制造和和使用使用的。的。世间万物都世间万物都是是由原子构成由原子构成的的。2) The first explosive in the world was made and used in China.被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译133) He was brought up by his grandmother.4) We are not to be bullied.他是他是由由他祖母他祖母抚养抚养大的。大的。我们是不能我们是不能被欺负被欺负的。的。被动被动语
14、态的翻译语态的翻译14C. 把被动语态译成汉语无主句把被动语态译成汉语无主句1). Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with.有了钱,就会以钱谋权。2). If water is heated, the molecules move more quickly.如果把水加热,水分子就运动得更快。D. 习惯译法习惯译法1). Its believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了
15、。英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法:1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词2.用“据”等短语译出被动语态的翻译 152). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting.据估计,美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避不掉的等待
16、上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。 英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比比皆是,汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中的主语从句译在宾语的位置上,而把it做形式主语的主句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如: 被动语态的翻译 英语中以it 做形式主语,以被动语态作谓语,其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结构在译成汉语时,除把it一律省略外,通常有两种处理方法:1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词2.用“据”等短语译出16It is generally accepted that 一般认为;大家公认 It is alleged that 人们断言
17、 It is asserted that 有人主张(断定) It is understood that 人们理解;不用说 It must be realized that 必须了解(认识、明白) It is said that 据说;一般认为 It is suggested that 有人建议 被动语态的翻译 17 It is believed that 据信;人们(大家)相信 It is claimed that 有人(人们)主张;人们要求 It is declared that 据宣称;人们宣称 It cannot be denied that 不可否认 It is estimated t
18、hat 据估计(推算) It has been found that 已经发现;实践证明 It must be kept in mind that 必须记住 It is known that 众所周知;大家知道 It has been objected that 有人反驳 It is predicted that 据估计;据预计 It is reported that 据报道;据报告说 被动语态的翻译 18A. 不加主语不加主语 It is hoped that. 希望希望 It is reported that 据报道据报道 It is said that. 据说据说 It is suppo
19、sed that 据推测据推测 It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以可以毫不夸张地说毫不夸张地说 It must be admitted that. 必须承认必须承认 It must be pointed out that. 必须指出必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见由此可见1.4 “It+ be+ past participle + that引导的从句引导的从句”句型的翻译句型的翻译被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译19 B. B. 增加主语增加主语 It is asserted tha
20、t. 有人主张有人主张 It is believed that. 有人相信(认为)有人相信(认为) It is generally considered that. 大家认为大家认为 It is well known that. 大家知道(众所周知)大家知道(众所周知) It will be said that 有人会说有人会说 It was told that. 有人曾经说有人曾经说被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译201) This point deserves mentioning. 2) The paper can stand criticizing.3) As I passed by, m
21、y coat got caught on a nail. 4) The murder is now under investigation. 1.5 某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译这起谋杀案这起谋杀案正在调查中正在调查中。这一点这一点值得一提值得一提。这篇论文这篇论文经得起推敲经得起推敲。我走过去时,外衣我走过去时,外衣被钉子勾住了被钉子勾住了。被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译215) Does your coat require pressing? 6) The noodles are still cooking.7) This ball-pen writes smoo
22、thly. 你的外衣你的外衣需要熨烫需要熨烫吗?吗?面条还面条还在煮着在煮着。这支圆珠笔这支圆珠笔写起来很顺畅写起来很顺畅。被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译222.1 带有如带有如 “被被”、“受受”、“遭遭”、“给给”、“挨挨”等被动标等被动标记词的汉语句子应该译成英语被动句。记词的汉语句子应该译成英语被动句。二、二、 汉译英中被动语态的翻译汉译英中被动语态的翻译1) 被采访被采访的挂钥匙的孩子们的反应是不同的。的挂钥匙的孩子们的反应是不同的。2) 他们认为他们他们认为他们受到了关爱与信任受到了关爱与信任,这种感觉激励了他们的信心。,这种感觉激励了他们的信心。3) 我发现昨天英语考试中我作弊的事
23、当天晚上就我发现昨天英语考试中我作弊的事当天晚上就让让我父母我父母知道知道了。了。Latchkey children who were interviewed reported diverse reactions.They felt loved and trusted, and this feeling encouraged them to be self-confident.I found that my cheating in yesterdays English test was reported to my parents that very evening.被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻
24、译23 2.2 含有被动意义的汉语句子应当译成英语的被动句含有被动意义的汉语句子应当译成英语的被动句 这类句子在形式上没有被动标记:有主语有动词,但主语这类句子在形式上没有被动标记:有主语有动词,但主语不是谓语动词动作的执行者,有时主语缺席,但都有被动含义,不是谓语动词动作的执行者,有时主语缺席,但都有被动含义,英译时应该译成被动语态。例如:英译时应该译成被动语态。例如:1) 而且,这也是违反中国习俗的,因为凡事都而且,这也是违反中国习俗的,因为凡事都不能匆忙不能匆忙。2) 当他了解到当他了解到需要什么需要什么以后就决定申请入会。以后就决定申请入会。3) 基本建设基本建设速度加快速度加快,投资
25、环境,投资环境不断完善不断完善。 The capital construction has been accelerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.When he learned what was required, he decided to apply for membership.Besides, thats going against Chinese custom, because haste is to be avoided. 被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译242.3 无主句无
26、主句 汉语中有些句子没有主语,翻译时可以用被动语态汉语中有些句子没有主语,翻译时可以用被动语态,可,可以让原句里的动词宾语充当英语句子里的主语,而动词变为以让原句里的动词宾语充当英语句子里的主语,而动词变为被动形式的谓语,构成英语被动句。例如被动形式的谓语,构成英语被动句。例如:1) 对这些评论应对这些评论应予以予以充分的充分的讨论讨论。 2) 到目前为止还到目前为止还未得出结论未得出结论。3) 该问题该问题没得到注意没得到注意。4) 表格要在有证人的情况下表格要在有证人的情况下签名签名。These remarks should be discussed fully.So far, no co
27、nclusion has been reached.No attention was paid to the problem.The form has to be signed in the presence of a witness.被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译252.4 泛指主语句泛指主语句 汉语中有些句子用表示泛指的汉语中有些句子用表示泛指的 “人们人们”、“有人有人”或或 “大家大家”等作主语,英译时通常都用被动语态。例如等作主语,英译时通常都用被动语态。例如:1) 大家估计大家估计罢工明天会开始罢工明天会开始。2) 人们认为人们认为他现在住纽约他现在住纽约。3) 人们推测人们推测他们
28、总有一天会结婚的他们总有一天会结婚的。4) 有人看见有人看见老教授深夜还在做试验老教授深夜还在做试验。5) 大家认为大家认为,他对做这项工作很满足,他对做这项工作很满足。It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow.It is believed that he is living in New York.It is assumed that they will get married one day.The old professor was seen making an experiment late at night.He was c
29、onsidered quite satisfied with the job.被动被动语态的翻译语态的翻译26翻译练习翻译练习Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. They might be useful when you write the composition.1) 人们认为,悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。人们认为,悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 2)一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。 3)公共交通增加投入,可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。公共交通增加投入,可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。 It is believe
30、d that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI. Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI. The ever-increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport. 翻译翻译练习练习274) In 1849 gold was discov
31、ered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush. 5) It is believed that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of our time. But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world. 6) The National Security Agency in US is accused of reading other
32、peoples e-mails around the world in its search for military and commercial secrets. 18491849年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金,由此开始了广为人年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金,由此开始了广为人知的淘金热。知的淘金热。我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一,但是我们也担忧核我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一,但是我们也担忧核能会带来世界末日。能会带来世界末日。 (1) (1) 美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件,获取军事和美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件,获取军事和商业秘密,受到了指责。
33、商业秘密,受到了指责。 (2) (2) 人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件,获人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件,获取军事和商业秘密。取军事和商业秘密。翻译翻译练习练习281. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.3. Our reasonable price has already been a
34、ccepted by Sears, which will lead to further business.4今天邀大家来开座谈会,目的是要和大家交换意见, 5只有你方把现有订货量增至我们所确定的最低数字,我们才能供货。 翻译 练习 291有人看见码头工人有人看见码头工人正从“阿波罗”号轮船卸化肥。2芬兰贸易代表团受到受到同行们的热烈欢迎。3我方合理的价格已由由西尔斯公司接受,这样可促成更多的贸易。4You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on5. We will not be able to dispatch your shipment until your order is large enough to qualify our minimum requirement in size. 翻译练习答案