1、考试题型Part I Translation (10%)Part I Translation (10%)Part II Sentence-evaluating (10%)Part II Sentence-evaluating (10%)Part III Sentence-rewriting (15%)Part III Sentence-rewriting (15%)Part IV Plagiarism-checking (10%)Part IV Plagiarism-checking (10%)Part V Sentence-revising (10%)Part V Sentence-revi
2、sing (10%)Part VI Abstract-analyzing (15%)Part VI Abstract-analyzing (15%)Part VII Paragraph-writing (15%)Part VII Paragraph-writing (15%)Part VIII Summary-writing (15%)Part VIII Summary-writing (15%)formalityLong and formal words are used instead of words used in daily communication. Complex gramma
3、tical structures such as nominal phrases, subordinate clauses and passives are preferred. Avoid using the second person pronouns such as “you”, etc. these pronouns make your writing sound like you are address readers orally. Eliminate contractions such as isnt, dont, youre, etc. which are considered
4、 too informal and conversational for academic writing. Avoid run-on sentences. Run-on sentences are common in speech and other informal interactions because we just keep adding something we wanted to say. In writing, however, these run-ons become distracting and hard to follow. EX. Compare the follo
5、wing pairs of sentences and discuss their style. Men were reluctant to retire, because they anticipated that they would be deprived of money rather than work.Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivations, mainly of money rather than of attachment to work. A AEX. Compare
6、 the following pairs of sentences and discuss their style. The above analysis seems to indicate that many factors contribute to global warming. From the above analysis, we can see that there are many factors influence global warming. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and discuss their
7、style. Failure to recognize the serious problem of growing population will lead to a big mistake. If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and discuss their style. If one acquaints himself with the man
8、ufacturer closely, it will reveal that his consuming passion is production. Close acquaintance with the manufacturer reveals that his consuming passion is production. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and discuss their style. Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent
9、years, because we can apply it to many field of science and adapt it to practical uses. Laser is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its application to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and
10、discuss their style. Despite potential benefits of such techniques, serious concerns have been raised concerning the potential environmental and medical consequences of GMOs. Although there are potential benefits of such techniques, people have serious concerns concerning the potential environmental
11、 and medical consequences of GMOs. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and discuss their style. People present a fairly consistent picture of its short-term effects on users in many publications. A fairly consistent picture of its short-term effects on users is presented in many publicat
12、ions. A AEX. Compare the following pairs of sentences and discuss their style. While we have already learned much about the acute physiological effects of Cannabis(大麻), theres still much we need to learn. While much has already been learned about the acute physiological effects of Cannabis, much rem
13、ains to be learned. A AEx. Rewrite the following sentences according to the Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction in the brackets. instruction in the brackets. We may break these sections down into a variety of subsections and arrange them in a variety of ways. (Use passiv
14、e sentence) 2. We should place the emphasis on the discussion of the report for this readership. (Use passive sentence) These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways.Emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this re
15、adership. Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction in the brackets. instruction in the brackets. 3. This subsection is rhetorically useful because it makes you more credible by indicating that the data presented is based on
16、 the fact that you have known thoroughly what has been done in the field. (Avoid the pronoun “you” and the abstract noun is preferred.) 4. A reasonable approach to the actual writing process including editing to make it accurate and clear will help you to produce effective reports efficiently. (Avoi
17、d the pronoun “you” and the abstract noun is preferred.) This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility by indicating that the data presented is based on the fact that one has known thoroughly what has been done in the field.A reasonable approach to the actual writing
18、process including editing to make it accurate and clear will help one to produce effective reports efficiently.Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction in the brackets. instruction in the brackets. 5. If we investigate the
19、relative effectiveness of various swimming strokes, we have to detail the number of swimmers tested. (Use nominal phrases) 6. The final section is to discuss the results obtained and state any conclusions which may be drawn from those results. (Use nominal phrases.) An investigation of the relative
20、effectiveness of various swimming strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested.The final section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which may be drawn from those results.Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the Ex
21、. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction in the brackets. instruction in the brackets. 7. We should explain the significance- social, economical, psychological, educational, etc. - of the question. (Begin the sentence with an impersonal noun.) 8. We do not object to writing tha
22、t is pleasing and interesting. (Begin the sentence with an impersonal noun.) There should be an explanation of the significance- social, economical, psychological, educational, etc. - of the question.There is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting.Ex. Rewrite the following sentence
23、s according to the Ex. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction in the brackets. instruction in the brackets. 9. Whats the effect of regular consumption of fast food on the health of the American teenagers?(Avoid contraction such as “weve”, “shouldnt”, “Whats”, “theres”.) 10. The
24、res little emphasis on a lively style. (Avoid contraction such as “weve”, “shouldnt”, “Whats”, “theres”.) What is the effect of regular consumption of fast food on the health of the American teenagers?There is little emphasis on a lively style.Chapter 1 topictopicA topic is what the essay or researc
25、h paper is about. A topic that is too specialized or too general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic. Four principles for deciding on a topicInterestingInteresting your interest & readers interestImportantIm
26、portant academic value & social value theoretical value & practical valueManageableManageable narrow down your topic to make your paper manageableAdequateAdequate adequate source materials available on the topic difficult to carry out your research without previous studies City DevelopmentSustainabl
27、e Development of CitiesSustainable Development of Big CitiesSustainable Development of Chinese Big CitiesSustainable Development of Chinese Big Cities from the Biological PerspectiveWrite a working titleWrite a working title A working title refers to the title you think of initially for the essay wh
28、ich you are going to write. It may be changed as you read more articles and become more involved in the research. A typical title is composed of: subject matter + key words of the method + key words of the content e.g. compare/ analyze/ discuss/ evaluate/ study/ assesse.g. computer hacker lung cance
29、r nuclear power plant Energy English titles tend to use phrases instead of sentences. e.g. An Analysis of Psychological Motivation of Computer Hackers The comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Approaches to Lung Cancer The analysis of Environmental Effects of Nuclear Power PlantsIn most cases, key
30、words of methods could be omitted for conciseness. e.g. Psychological Motivation of Computer Hackers Effectiveness of Two Approaches to Lung Cancer Environmental Effects of Nuclear Power PlantsChapter 2Section 1Source MaterialsSource materials are any information which you take from books, journal a
31、rticles, websites, newspapers, lectures , etc. Criteria for good Source materials Recent source materials which give new information and results of your discipline Unbiased publications which are more trustworthyFrom writers who are the authorities of a certain field and whose works are frequently c
32、itedSection 2The common structuresProblem and solution Cause and effectComparison and contrastAdvantages and disadvantagesOrder and sequenceDescription and listDefinition and classificationMany an essay will combine these organizations to develop complicated ideas. Section 3Critical readingRecognizi
33、ng an authors purposeRecognizing tone and persuasive elementsRecognizing implicit biasSection 4Taking notesRecording the main ideas that will form the backbone (基础)of your research paper gathering specific evidence to support your main ideas recording the exact wording of the sources you may want to
34、 quote in your paperContent of a good noteA summary of main ideas and chief findings of the sourceA paraphrase of the important ideasDirect quotations of the key statementsStatistics such as percentages and datesAuthors name, title of the book or article, title of the journal, and page rangeA model
35、of a good noteTitleTitle: : How Nanotechnology WorksAuthor(s)Author(s): : Kevin Bonsor and Jonathan StriclandSourceSource: : Material Engineers, October 17,2008Main ideasMain ideas: : It is important to know how nanotechnology works since it is rapidly becoming an interdisciplinary field. Main findi
36、ngs or ideasMain findings or ideas: : 1. a better understanding of nanotechnology is based on a good knowledge of multiple sciences. 2. nanotechnology can be applied to the medical industry, environment and many other fields. ConclusionConclusion: : the immediate challenge is that we should know mor
37、e about materials and properties of nanotechnology at the nanoscale. Section 5Tips for writing a summary Writing a summary is an important part of note-taking. Its also a good way to have a better understanding of what you have read. It includes all the main and supporting points in your own word, l
38、eaving out unnecessary details like examples, explanations, and other unimportant information. A good summary should be brief, complete, accurate, coherent and objective. Tips for writing a summary 1) Read the paragraph or the whole article until you have fully understood it. 2) Highlight the topic
39、sentences and underline the important ideas, data, the major findings and chief conclusions. 3) Use your own words to combine these important ideas in the same order as the original. 4) Use the authors key words and phrases but avoid using the same vocabulary and structures as the original. 5) Avoid
40、 adding your own interpretation or comment.6) Note down the source of the essay with correct bibliographic form, such as author, year published, article title, journal title, volume number (issue number), page number, etc. The constructivist theory rests on the assumption that knowledge is construct
41、ed by learners as they attempt to make sense of their experiences. Learners, therefore, are not empty vessels waiting to be filled, but rather active organisms seeking meaning. Instead, knowledge must develop and continue to change with the activity of the learner. It seems clear from remarks of con
42、structivist researchers that constructivist learning goals are best met through a variety of instructional conditions that differ from any proposed by theorists like Gagne. -Taken from Driscoll, M.P. 2001. Psychology of Learning for Instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & BaconThe basic
43、tenet of constructivism holds that learners themselves construct knowledge, rather than receive it from outside themselves. The instructional conditions for learning proposed by Gagne do not support the kind of learning assumed by the constructivists. PlagiarismAccording to Gibaldi (1999), plagiaris
44、m is committed when a person fails to give appropriate citation and documentation when 1) he/she copies a sentence from the sources 2) he/she paraphrases anothers argument 3) he/she presents anothers line of thinking A kind of theft The use of others ideas, findings, arguments, data, and words witho
45、ut appropriate citation or documentation, intentional or unintentional. Always remember:Use quotation marks on ANY text taken directly form another source, even from textbook , a lecture, a recording, or form another persons unpublished work. Document the source even if you indirectly paraphrase ano
46、ther persons writing. What are wrong: There is no need to use the in-text s documentation simply because you document the sources of the quotes in the reference list at the end of your paper. There is no need to document some ideas or facts simply because everyone knows where they come from, althoug
47、h it is not necessary to document common knowledge as long as it is truly known by most people. Citation Citation, the way to use sources, is frequently used in supporting your arguments. Two methods:Quoting (copying the exact words of the author)Paraphrasing ( rewriting what the writer said in your
48、 own words)Though both possible and acceptable, paraphrasing is much more common than quoting in academic writing. Direct copying is not strongly recommended unless the writers words are special. Citation Citation consists of two parts: citation of the content documentation of its sourceSeveral detr
49、imental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations ( Traavik 1995; Ho and Tappeser 1997; Pusztai 1999 and 2001; Kiznetcov et al. 2004 ) Quoting & ParaphrasingThe
50、 WTO still has many obstacles to overcome, particularly with regard to decision-making processes. -from the source article written by Kim (1999)QuotingParaphrasing1According to Kim (1999), “the WTO still has many obstacles to overcome, particularly with regard to decision-making processes”.According
