1、应用语言学应用语言学1 Applied Linguistics (1)2 Applied Linguistics (1) Course Plan2 Outline of the Contents3 Reference Books4 Introduction313 Introductionu Why language? Useful Interesting & glamorousu Why linguistics? Science of language; help us understand language A rich and exciting fieldu Why applied lin
2、guistics? A middleman who bridges the gap between theory and practice4 Course Planu 11weeks u Evaluation: 30% for attendance 20% for exercises 50% for final paper5 Course Planu What you can get from this course? 1 credit Review the famous theories and great figures Overview of the relation between t
3、he development of linguistics and LT & LL Many topics for paper guide our teaching and learning6 Outline of the Contents1. Introduction 2. Linguistic Study and its Impact on Language Teaching3. Second Language Teaching Theories and Theoretical Models4. Socio-linguistics and Language Teaching & LL5.
4、Semantics and Language Teaching & LL7 Outline of the Contents6. Psycholinguistics and Language Teaching & LL7. Discourse Analysis and Language Teaching & LL8. Pragmatics and Language Teaching & LL9. Cognitive Theory and Language Teaching10. Teaching and Learning Strategies11. Revision8 Outline of th
5、e ContentsFocus: Input hypothesis, Output hypothesis, Interaction hypothesis Inter-language & Language transfer Code-switching Fossilization Good learners behavior9 Topics Suggested for the Course paper1.The importance of studying personality factors2. Studies on the learners learning strategies3. T
6、he positive and negative transfer in foreign language learning 4. The importance of social context for FLL5. The importance of research and theory for FLT10 Topics Suggested for the Course Paper 6. 语法翻译法的历史回顾与展望7.中国学生英语学习策略及学习模式8. 影响外语学习的非语言因素9. 第二语言习得与外语教学10. 迁移理论与外语学习11. 从心理语言学观点探讨学习者的感情因素及学习效果12.
7、 语言输入原则及大学英语教学11 Periodicals and Magazines1. Applied Linguistics 2. Style3. Linguistic Inquiry4. College English5. Education Digest6. Language Learning7. Language Teaching 8. Language9. Modern Language Quarterly12 Periodicals and Magazines 10. 外语教学与研究11. 外国语12. 现代外语 13. 外语与外语教学14. 外语学刊15. 外语教学16. 外语
8、界 17. 中国翻译18. 山东外语19. 福建外语20. 外语研究21. 外语与翻译13 Reference BooksuCorder: Introducing Applied LinguisticsuStern: Fundamental Concepts of Language TeachinguHowatt: A History of English Language TeachinguVan Els: Applied Linguistics and the Teaching and Learning of FLuRichards: Error AnalysisuH. Brown: Pr
9、inciples of language learning and teachinguN. Schmitt: An introduction to applied Linguisticsu桂诗春桂诗春: 应用语言学14 Applied Linguistics (1)1. Definition of Al AL is a science which treats a language and human communicative problems as an object of its study. Christopher Candlin (1982) Halliday: AL is a mi
10、ddleman who bridges the gap between theory and practice.15 2. Nature of AL It has the following main characteristic features: 1) Independent discipline (3点) (its own object of study, system of theories, own research people)2) Interdisciplinary science (心理学 linguistics)3) Applied science (to solve th
11、e problems in TL)4) Empirical Science 16 3. Role of AL It service as a bridge or link between theories of linguistics and, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, etc on one hand and language teaching on the other. Figure 1: linguistics, etc. - AL - LT 17 4. Scope of AL (狭义和广义) Courchene (1981) first p
12、ut forward 1. “In the broad sense” : many activities apart from LT, sociolinguistics psycholinguistics etc.2. “narrow sense” : LT and FLT18 British Applied Linguistic Association 确定的范围：1) Bilingual use 2) Methodology 3) Error Analysis4) L. acquisition 5) Testing 6) Socio linguistics 7) Language Educ
13、ation Policies 19 5.Brief History1. 1870 Baudouin de Courtenay (波兰人)2. 40年代 University of Michigan established AL as independent discipline3. 50 年代 C. Fries R Lado 发展4. Corder First book Introducing AL 5. 64. Association of International Linguistique Appliquce 协会 6. Main figures in this field 50年代 C
14、order, C. Fries R. Lado 桂诗春、刘润清、文秋芳、王初明20 6. AL需要回答的几个问题：1)、在中国什么年龄学习英语最好？2)、为什么30后（博士）外语还没有过关？ 听说没有领先？阅读不过关？发展不平衡3)、外语环境下用外语思维是否可能？4)、什么样的语言环境对外语学习最好？ 能否创造这种环境？5)、中国特点的教学理论和学习理论到底是什么？6)、最佳的外语学习方法，教学方法是什么？7)、中国学生的性格和情感对外语学习有没有影 响？21 7. Linguistic study and its impact on LT1) Linguistic study in vari
15、ous periods has different impact on LT2) There is a close relation between LS and LT.3) LS is the basis for LT, LL, FLT, FLL22 Example: Grammar Translation Teaching Method1) What kind of linguistic theory is the basis for GTM?2) What is the relation between linguistic study and GTM?3) Who founded GT
16、M?4) Under the influence of linguistic theory, Special features advantages and disadvantages 5) Its impact on LT model, LL model, textbook 6) Present state of GTM23 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:1) Before 18th century, classical linguistics originated in Greece. Greek, Latin, He
17、brew24 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:2)Purpose of LS at that time was to interpret various phenomena of a language (relation between a verb and a noun to describe the various forms of a language book books build - built)25 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:3) St
18、oics and their contribution Scope of grammar case, tense, voice study on verbs findings: tenses26 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics:4) Alexandrian (Plato & Aristotle) Contributionsclassification of words (eight groups of words) verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, article, conjun
19、ction, preposition stress on verbs (tense 三种时态, changes, voice) 27 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on teaching:On the basis of the classical study, basic theory came out for LT. 1) Language is a classification of words 掌握了词汇，即掌握了所学语言掌握了词汇，即掌握了所学语言2) Grammar is an adhesive l
20、inking, making words to form a language. Main Task of teaching is to teach grammatical rules. 语法是粘合剂语法是粘合剂,只要能够按照语法规则将词汇粘合在一起即可只要能够按照语法规则将词汇粘合在一起即可表达思想表达思想. 28 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on teaching:3) Written language is the cream of language. Contents of teaching wer
21、e determined.29 Classical Linguistics and GTMClassical Linguistics impact on teaching: Established the Greek-Latin grammar system Special features: 1) Lexical centered system 2) Grammatical rules-based system 3) written text as the object 4) grammatically a complete system 5）Clear interpretation of
22、a language30 Classical Linguistics and GTMGrammar- Translation MethodKarl Plotz founded GTM他的教学方法主要体现在两个基本原则上：他的教学方法主要体现在两个基本原则上：一是背诵规则，强调语法分析一是背诵规则，强调语法分析二是句子对译练习二是句子对译练习31 Classical Linguistics and GTMGrammar- Translation Method1.Words and grammar are the core of a language.2. Teaching was mainly
23、translation.3. Explanation and analysis are certain to dominate the class teaching. 4. On the basis of Classical L, grammar translation method was established. 32 Main advantages of GTM 桂诗春 (5)1. Completeness and Unity of Grammar system 语法体系的完整性和整体性。这一体系有利于学习者较好、较快地掌握目的语的整个结构。 2. Cognitive practice
24、of target language 语法翻译法有利于外语学习者认识目的语的形式、不同的词类、句子组合等。它在很大的程度上符合并顺应了人们认识和学习目的语的客观规律，有利于学习者掌握好这一体系。 33 Main advantages of GTM 桂诗春3. Reflect the basic function 外语学习的本质功能，即两种语言形式的转换，达到语际信息交流的目的。 4. Lay a foundation of a language语法翻译法重视词汇和语法知识的系统传授，它有利于学习者语言知识的巩固，有利于打好语言基础。 5. Deep understanding of the t
25、arget language 语法翻译法强调对书面语的分析，着重原文的学习，这样它有利于学习者对目的语的深入理解和掌握. 34 P. Balcom 的概括(3)：1) Comprehensible input, systematic, and from the shadow to deep approach 在语法翻译教学法中，精细的语法规则和广泛的词汇知识使得语言输入更易于理解。能够使外语学习者所接触到的各种语言现象系统化，由潜入深地将语言分级处理。2) Conscious and unconscious assumption about the target language, and a
26、wareness of differences between mother tongue and target language 语法翻译教学法能够帮助外语学习者做出无意识或有意识的假设，辨别母语与目的语的异同。3) Help learners internalize the structure of the target language 语法翻译教学法能够帮助学习者将目的语的结构内化，从而提高其使用外语表达的能力。35 Classical Linguistics and GTMTextbook compiled on the basis of GTM 许国章英语许国章英语新概念英语新概念
27、英语36 Classical Linguistics and GTMTextbook compiled on the basis of GTM 许国章英语许国章英语新概念英语新概念英语37 Classical Linguistics and GTMTeaching Models of GTM:Reading-analysis - translation-reciting (5) 1. Word study 2. background information 3. analyze a text sentence by sentence 4. exercise 5. sum up 38 Testi
28、ng1. E-C2. C-E Advantages: 1) Time saving2) Without guessing3) Objective Still widely used, strong effect on testing 39 Impact on learning style(3) 1 1. Rote learning . Rote learning 2. Habit of analyzing structure2. Habit of analyzing structure3. Dependent on mother tongue 3. Dependent on mother to
29、ngue 学习者形成了熟背单词和规则习惯；学习者形成了熟背单词和规则习惯；以语法规则为准绳，分析课文中的每一个语法现象；以语法规则为准绳，分析课文中的每一个语法现象；以母语为基础，理解课文内容。以母语为基础，理解课文内容。 40 Disadvantages (4)1. Ignore an oral communication2. Overemphasize the importance of grammar3. Learning is sometimes boring, dull4. Learners are weak in speaking 41 Review GTM (3)New view
30、points 1) Grammatical competence is a part of communicative competence Canale & Swain(1982) 语法能力是语言交际能力的一部分 2) Grammar bridges between the concepts and context. 语法起到概念和内容连接的作用3) It is regarded as an approach which can help learners to acquire deep understanding of the target language. 可帮助学习者更好地理解目的语
31、42 Present attitude towards GTM (Post communicative approach, Post GTM后语法教学法时代)1. Continue to improve in theory and practice2. Concentrate on grammar-oriented communication 语法为主体的交流3. Focus on context and grammatical contents 语境和语法内容43 Future: R. Smith (3)1. It will continue to play its role in LT.2
32、. It will continue to improve itself theoretically.3. It will continue to change and adapt to new requirements for LT.44 Classical Linguistics and GTMAdvantages and disadvantages of GTMCompleteness and Unity Of Grammar SystemIgnore the oral communication 45 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM20th century,
33、 shift of study from words, and rules, and then language family to language structure.Saussure: 1915 Course in general linguisticsBloomfield: 1933, “Language” became popular 46 他们的看法改变了人们对语言的原有认识:1、语言是文字 (语言是词的划分,是书面体) Language is a classification of words. 2、语言是一套规则 (语法是粘合剂) Language is a set of ru
34、les.47 2. Modern Linguistics and ALMMain viewpoints of structuralism: 1)A language is structured. Each language has its own structure. (Saussure) Bloomfield：phonetic morphologic semantic structures 对教学影响最大的是形态结构观点 I think that he will come this afternoon. We believe that this evening You They 为口语教学中
35、的pattern drill 提供了依据48 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM2)A language has a certain number of key structures.掌握了这些结构就掌握了语言。3) Sentence is the basic unit expressing meaning, not an individual words. 句子是表达意义的基本单位，而不是单个的词. (重视句型教学)49 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM4) Language is a behavior. (语言是行为 )，也是刺激与反应的结
36、果。 Pavlov classical behaviorism （影响） trained a dog to salivate to the tone of tuning fork conditioned response J. Watson (1913) behaviorism Stimulus and response 50 Behaviorism1) 刺激反应得到的结果如何保持？2) Skinner Verbal Behavior言语行为 提出了reinforcement 的观点（强化理论）3) 习惯的形成需要积极的奖励（positive awarding）（这种奖励是物质的或口头的）4)
37、 为了强化儿童的学习行为，两个因素： 强化适宜度（Appropriateness of reinforcement） A dog is asked to open a lock with a key. 定时强化（timed reinforcement）every two days 这样才能保持学习者的习惯51 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM5) Language is speech, an utterance, and is what the native speakers say, not just a written text.对教学的启示是：不能是无声的教学对
38、教学的启示是：不能是无声的教学 注意语音注意语音 （语音教学开始）（语音教学开始） 要学习者说话要学习者说话52 6. 语言不应该是人为确定的规则，而应该是人们如何使用语言的描述。Is not prescribed; is not what someone thinks they ought to say 否定了（规定）prescriptive linguistics Teach the language, not about the language 不是教语言知识 以上结构主义的观点帮助产生了Audiolingual Method （听说教学流派） 53 产生这一教学流派的原因3： 1)
39、语言研究的新认识 2) 社会的需要（social need） Trade, travel, World War II, conference 3)语言教学的自身发展(Development of LT)，促使产生一种新的教学模式。 Got tired of GTM only model, needed sth. new.54 Main features 主要特征可概括如下（4）1) 听说为先，兼顾书面语 Listening and speaking prior to written texts2) 重复操练，形成习惯 Repeated drilling to develop a languag
40、e habit3) 句型为纲，组织教学 Pattern drills are as a key in organizing teaching activities.4) 趣味与实用并重 Emphasize interest and practical value equally55 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM structuralism Audio-lingual Method Listening and speaking Repeated drilling to develop alanguage habitPattern drills are as a ke
41、y in Organizing teaching activities Emphasizeinterest and practical value 56 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM GTM ALM1)语言是文字，是书面体 语言是有声的，sound Language is words 是讲的话 speech 2)语言是一套规则 语言是习惯，habit is a set of rules 是行为behavior3)语言教学是知识的传授 语言教学是习惯和行为 impart knowledge 的培养 train habit4) 语言教学以语法为纲 语言教学应以听 gr
42、ammar as key 说领先 speaking first在语言教学认识上的比较在语言教学认识上的比较 57 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM GTM ALM1) 先学习语法规则和文字 先学习语音和句型 learn rules and words first learn pronunciation 2) 强调语言的语法性强调语言的可接受性 importance of grammar acceptability3) 以母语为基础避免使用母语 based on M Tongue Avoid M tongue4) 两种文字的互译和理解 句型的模仿与反复操练 transl
43、ation and understanding imitation and drilling58 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM5) 重视语言规则的准确性重视语言表达的流利性 accuracy of rules fluency of expressions6) 以经典著作为学习版本以日常语言为学习素材 classics everyday EnglishGTM ALM59 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM Mechanical Drilling Reciting Comprehensive Drilling Application(运用运用)
44、Teaching model 4 (Steps） 60 2. Modern Linguistics and ALMTextbooks of ALM 1.英语900句2. Conversational Textbook 61 2. Modern Linguistics and ALM Disadvantages of ALM: 1. 句型操练往往脱离了语言内容和社会语境句型操练往往脱离了语言内容和社会语境 Pattern drills training is away from real context. 2. 学习者在写和阅读技能的培养方面则学习者在写和阅读技能的培养方面则 对较弱对较弱 we
45、ak in writing and reading 3. 学习者对目的语的语法体系的了解和掌握程度不是很好。学习者对目的语的语法体系的了解和掌握程度不是很好。 Language foundation is weak62 Present state of ALM1. 更强调学习者的口语交流的参与意识和实践意 义。2. 更重视口语教学内容的实用性、真实性和趣味性。3. 更强调口语的可接受性以及口语表达的习惯性。4. 更重视口语教学的语境及话题，不再是机械性地重复和模仿。5. 更强调口语教学的互动以及交流性，不再局限与单向的句型操练。63 64 Applied Linguistics (2)u Re
46、view:1. What is the importance of AL for teachers?2. What is the Scope of AL?3. What is the definition of AL?4. Who started AL, and when did it start?5. What are the main books about AL, and what are the important figures in this field?6. What is called the classical linguistics?65 uReview:7. What i
47、s the purpose of classical linguistics?8. What is the contribution of Stoics to the language teaching? 9. What is the contribution of Alexandrians to the language teaching? 10. What is the Impact of Classical linguistics on LT?11. What are the main characteristics of GTM?66 For reference1. 1) Can gu
48、ide our language teaching and learning 2) help understand the basic principles and disciplines of language teaching and learning 3) Beneficial for teachers to develop themselves theoretically2. 1) Bilingual use 2) Methodology 3) Error Analysis 4) L. acquisition 5) Testing 6) Socio linguistics 7) Lan
49、guage Education Policies67 3. AL is a science which treats a language and human communicative problems as an object of its study. Halliday: AL is a middleman who bridges the gap between theory and practice.4. 1870 Boudouin de Courtenay in 50s S. Corder, C. Fries R. Lado 5. Introducing Applied Lingui
50、stics by Corder IN China Gui Shichun “Applied Linguistics”68 6. Greek, Latin, Hebrew 7. 1) to interpret various phenomena of a language relation 2) to describe the various forms of a language 8. Scope of grammar case, tense, voice study on verbs findings: tenses 9. classification of words, eight gro
