1、Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学1.Air NavigationAir Navigation课件制作课程讲授王惠民Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学2.Flight, or air navigation is the means by which pilots reach their destination and find their exact location at any time.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学3. 空中领航学是引空中领航学是引领领飞机飞机航航行的一门行的一门应用应用学学科，它以地球作为参照系来研究科，它以地球作为参照系
2、来研究飞机相对于地球的运动及其导航方法。飞机相对于地球的运动及其导航方法。 空中领航学所要解决的三大基本问题，是确定：空中领航学所要解决的三大基本问题，是确定： 飞机位置飞机位置 飞机航向飞机航向 飞行时间飞行时间 Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学4. 空中领航学研究的主要内容：空中领航学研究的主要内容： 领航基础及元素；领航基础及元素； 领航原理和方法；领航原理和方法； 领航设备工作原理和使用；领航设备工作原理和使用； 领航误差及修正原理；领航误差及修正原理； 领航准备和实施。领航准备和实施。 Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学5.Air Navigation空
3、空中中领领航航学学6.本课件本课件 (共九章共九章) 系根据西澳教材系根据西澳教材An Aviation Theory Centre Manual - Meteorology and Navigation ， 即即 The Pilots Manual 系列丛书第二册制系列丛书第二册制作，仅供课堂教学使用。特此申明，谨作，仅供课堂教学使用。特此申明，谨向该书编者致谢。向该书编者致谢。 Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学7.Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Air NavigationBasic PrinciplesThe basic principles of a
4、ir navigation apply to all aircraft, from the simplest trainers to the most sophisticated passenger jets. When flying cross-country, you are the pilot, the navigator and the radio operator.你既是驾驶员你既是驾驶员, 也是领航员，也是领航员， 又是无线电通信员。又是无线电通信员。Basic PrinciplesAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学8.As a pilot, you must avi
5、ate, navigate and communicate. Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学9.Types of Navigation The basic method of navigation in VFR (day) operations is map reading, which is visual-contact navigation. It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor visibil
6、ity conditions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.Types of Navigation The basic method of navigation in VFR (day) operations is map reading, which is visual-contact navigation. It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor vi
7、sibility conditions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.Types of NavigationAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学10. To assist us with our visual navigation procedures, we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons. To support
8、 visual navigation procedures, we use dead reckoning (DR) to deduce our position. To assist us with our visual navigation procedures, we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons. To support visual navigation procedures, w
9、e use dead reckoning (DR) to deduce our position.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学11.Form of the Earth All air navigation is done with reference to the surface of the earth. For practical purpose the earth can be treated as a perfect sphere with an average diameter of R = 6 371.004 km.Shape and Size地球半径：地球半径
10、：RAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学12.Rotation of the EarthPolar axisTrue southTrue north The earth rotates toward the east. 极极 轴轴66 33Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学13.Imaginary Lines on the Earths SurfaceGreat Circles 大圆大圆A great circle (GC) drawn on the earths surface has a plane which passes through the centre
11、of the sphere (earth). 大圆以地球的球心为其圆心。大圆以地球的球心为其圆心。经 线赤 道无线电信号Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学14.Great circleSmall circleAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学15.大圆具有如下特点：大圆具有如下特点： 大圆是在球体表面上所能画出的最大的圆；大圆是在球体表面上所能画出的最大的圆； 在球体表面两点之间的最短距离是大圆的弧；在球体表面两点之间的最短距离是大圆的弧； 除了像地球的地理两极（径向相反）的两点以除了像地球的地理两极（径向相反）的两点以 外，在球体表面上两点之间只能画出一个大圆。外
12、，在球体表面上两点之间只能画出一个大圆。Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学16.Small Circles 小圆小圆A small circle is any circle on the surface of a sphere that is not a great circle; that is, the centre of a small circle is not at the centre of the earth. 在地球表面上除大圆以外的圆，其圆心不是球心。在地球表面上除大圆以外的圆，其圆心不是球心。The plane of a small circle does n
13、ot pass through the centre of a sphere. 小圆平面不通过球心。小圆平面不通过球心。球心圆心Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学17.Latitude 纬度纬度南极南极北极北极赤道赤道Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学18.Latitude纬纬 度度Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学19.Longitude 经度经度南极南极北极北极本初子午线本初子午线( 0经线经线 )英国伦敦格林威治英国伦敦格林威治皇家天文台皇家天文台Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学20.Longitude经经 度度Air Navig
14、ation空空中中领领航航学学21.Position on the EarthThe usual method of specifying the exact position of any point on earth is by reference to imaginary lines of forming the latitude and longitude grid on the surface of the earth. 参照地球表面的纬度和经度网格参照地球表面的纬度和经度网格,可为地球上任何一点精确定位。可为地球上任何一点精确定位。例如例如: 北京北京 39 57 N, 116 2
15、8 EAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学22.The more commonly methods to pass position information by radio include the following: Stating a position as over(过过) or abeam(切切) a landmark or a navigation aid; and Stating the distance(距离距离) and bearing(方位方位) of an aircraft from a landmark or a navigation aid.Alterna
16、tive methods for specifying aircraft position.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学23.DirectionDirection is the angular position of one point to another without reference to the distance between them. To measure direction, the full circle is divided into 360.It is usual to refer to direction as a three-figure gr
17、oup to prevent any misunderstanding.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学24.Beechcraft BE-55Piper P28ACessna C150The most fundamental reference from which angles are measured is that of true north, from 000 T through 090 T, 180 T, 270 T to 360 T.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学25.NMAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学26. A great ci
18、rcle crosses successive meridians at a gradually changing angle. A rhumb line crosses all meridians longitude at the same angle.In practical terms, the great-circle direction and the rhumb-line direction may be considered to be the same over short distances, say less than 200 nm.Air Navigation空空中中领领
19、航航学学27.True Direction When we measure direction by reference to the local meridian, we are using the north geographic pole or true north as the reference. This direction is referred to as true direction.Direction is measured from a meridian.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学28.Magnetic Direction The actual di
20、rection shown by a freely suspended magnet is called magnetic north, and this is the datum we use to measure magnetic direction.The earths magnetic field.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学29.Variation 磁差磁差 Variation is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north. Variation east, magnetic leas
21、t; variation west, magnetic best.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学30.地 球 磁 场磁 差Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学31.Isogonals and the agonic line.Airport PERTH JANDAKOT 325 51S11552 52EMag Var: 1.483WU.S.A.AustraliaAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学32.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学33.Relative Bearings 相对方位角相对方位角 The relative bearing
22、of an object from an aeroplane is its angular distance from the aircrafts heading measured clockwise from the nose of the aeroplane from 000REL through to 360REL.RB = 035Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学34.Conversions 换算换算 A Relative Bearing A Magnetic BearingAircraft magnetic heading +Relative bearing of ob
23、ject from aircraft =Magnetic bearing of object from aircraft飞机航向角飞机航向角+ +相对方位角相对方位角= =磁方位角磁方位角NMAircraft magnetic headingRelative bearing of object from aircraftAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学35.Distance For navigation purposes, the unit of measurement of horizontal distance is the nautical mile (nm). For
24、other aviation uses, such as visibility, horizontal distance from cloud and runway lengths, the unit is either the kilometer or meter.Units of MeasurementAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学36.The Nautical Mile 海里海里 The nautical mile has its origin in its relationship to the size of the earth, where 1 min of la
25、titude is equal to 1nm.1 nm = 1, 852 mA nautical mile is absolutely not an Imperial measurement, although many think it is. 10 nm10 minAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学37.SpeedAirspeed and Groundspeed Because of the effect of the wind, the speed of an aeroplane can be expressed in two ways:It is measured in
26、relation to the ground, ground speed.It is measured relative to the air mass through which it is moving, airspeed.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学38.The effect of the wind on the speed of an aeroplane.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学39.BAS（基本表速）（基本表速） - shown by ASI IAS （指示空速）（指示空速） CAS （校正空速）（校正空速） EAS （当量空速）（当量空速
27、） TAS （真空速）（真空速） - actual speed through the air 空速表机械误差修正空速表机械误差修正空气动力误差修正空气动力误差修正空气压缩性修正空气压缩性修正空气密度修正空气密度修正Airspeed Indicator Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学40.True Airspeed (TAS) For navigation purposes we need to know our true airspeed (TAS) or actual speed through the air.TAS =CAS/ 0Where, / 0 is the a
28、ir density ratio./ 0Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学41.For the same IAS, warmer air increases TAS.For the same TAS, the aircraft in less dense air has lower IAS.TAS 80 ktIAS 80 ktTAS 93 ktIAS 80 ktAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学42.Movement in an Air MassVelocity The velocity is a rate of change of position in a gi
29、ven direction and is therefore a combination of both speed and direction.Movement in an Air MassVelocityAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学43.Wind Velocity 风速向量风速向量 The wind velocity is nearly always expressed as a five- or six-figure group; the first three figures are the direction from which the wind blows,
30、and the last two or three indicate the speed of the wind.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学44.Ground Velocity 地速向量地速向量 The result due to the wind velocity effect is that the aeroplane has another velocity in addition to that described by its heading and TAS, and this is the ground velocity, or its track and g
31、roundspeed. TR/GS vectors.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学45.Vector Addition 向量加法向量加法Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学46.The Triangle of Velocities 航行速度三角形航行速度三角形 HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GS航向航向 /真速真速 + 风向量风向量 = 航迹航迹 /地速地速W/VTR/GSHDG/TASThe Triangle of Velocities 航行速度三角形航行速度三角形 HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GSAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学
32、学47.The wind side of a typical navigation computer.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学48.Altimetry (Vertical Navigation)Vertical MeasurementAltitude (高度高度) is the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).Flight Level (高度层高度层) is a surface of
33、constant atmospheric pressure that is related to a specified pressure datum, 1, 013.2 hPa, and is separated from other such surfaces by specified pressure intervals.Height (高高) is the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.Air Navig
34、ation空空中中领领航航学学49. A pressure altimeter calibrated in accordance with the International Standard Atmosphere has the following properties: When set to a QNH altimeter setting, it will indicate altitude;When set to a pressure of 1,013.2 hPa, it may be used to indicate flight level.Note. QFE settings a
35、re not used in Australia.Altimeter SettingsWhen set to a QFE altimeter setting, it will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学50. The actual MSL pressure at any one place is called QNH, and an altimeter set to QNH (with the altimeter subscale set to the actual MSL) w
36、ill indicate altitude. QNH SettingQNH SettingAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学51.Variations in Mean Sea Level Pressure The actual MSL pressure differs most of the time from that under ISA conditions,and it also varies from day to day, and even from hour to hour, as the various pressure systems move across th
37、e country.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学52. The charts we use for navigation show the height above mean sea level of all high ground and obstacles. Therefore, with the altimeter set to QNH, we will have an immediate indication of our vertical separation from the ground beneath us (terrain clearance).Air N
38、avigation空空中中领领航航学学53.Effect of Variation in the MSL Pressure Plan and profile views of synoptic situation.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学54. The constant variation of MSL pressure has the potential to cause two significant operational problems. If corrections are not made to the QNH setting the following
39、will occur:Terrain Clearance（离地高度）（离地高度） when flying from high pressure to low pressure, the altimeter will over-read. when flying from low pressure to high pressure, the altimeter will under-read.From high to low, beware below.从高从高(压区压区)飞往低飞往低(压区压区) ， 当心高度低。当心高度低。Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学55.Traffic
40、Separation（空中交通间隔）（空中交通间隔） Safe traffic separation requires all aircraft in the same vicinity to use the same QNH altimeter setting.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学56.Area QNH To ensure a proper vertical separation , all aircraft operating in the same general vicinity must use the same altimeter subscale se
41、tting, the area QNH. Area QNH settings are used by all aircraft operating at or below 10,000 ft AMSL (transition altitude). The area QNH is a forecast value that is valid for a period of 3 hr and normally applies throughout an area QNH zone. Before flight, the area QNH will be available through the
42、AVFAX system. In flight, the area QNH will be available from ATS. Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学57.Accuracy of Area QNH SettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point (below 10,000 ft AMSL) within, or on, the boundary of their respective AQZs du
43、ring the period of validity of the forecast.The indicated altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.Accuracy of Area QNH SettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point (below 10,000 ft AMSL) withi
44、n, or on, the boundary of their respective AQZs during the period of validity of the forecast.The indicated altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学58.Flight LevelsAbove 10,000 ft (the transition altitude) we select the standard MS
45、L pressure of 1,013 hPa, and with the altimeter set to this, we fly at flight levels.Cruising Flight LevelsCruising AltitudesAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学59.Pressure Height (Pressure Altitude)There are two methods of determining pressure altitude: we can set 1,013 hPa on the altimeter subscale and read o
46、ff directly the value of the pressure height; or we can make a simple calculation as shown below, using our knowledge that up to 5,000 ft, the approximate rate of fall of pressure is 1 hPa per 30 ft.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学60.How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is greater than QNH, pressu
47、re height is greater than elevation.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学61.How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is less than QNH, pressure height i s l e s s t h a n elevation.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学62.Altimeter Setting Rules （高度表拨正规则）（高度表拨正规则）You are not permitted to cruise within the transition lay
48、er.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学63.LimitationsFL110 is not available for level flight when the Area QNH is less than 1013 HPA;FL115 is not available for level flight when the Area QNH is less than 997 HPA, and so on.To ensure that the 1,000-foot buffer of the transition layer is maintained, the lowest FL
49、 available for cruising becomes higher and higher with a progressive decrease in the value of the area QNH.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学64.Selection of Cruising LevelsMagnetic TracksFrom 000through East to 179From 180through West to 359Cruising Altitude(Area QNH) 1,500 7,500 3,500 9,500 5,500 2,500 8,500
50、 4,500 6,500Cruising Flight Levels(1013HPA) 115 175 135 195 155 125 185 145 165Note: Pilots should be aware that VFR aircraft outside controlled airspace may be operating at random levels below 5,000FT AMSL.Air Navigation空空中中领领航航学学65.Cruising AltitudeAir Navigation空空中中领领航航学学66.Preflight Altimeter Ch
