1、-About phonetic soundPhonetic AlphabetStops 爆破音爆破音o爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/, /g/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/, /g/ /p, b/p, b/pear bear pull bull park bark rip ribcap cab cup cubhappy shabby simple symbol/t, d/t, d/tare daretear dearseat seedbet bedhat
2、 had writer riderputting puddingcenter senderdeadlock width/d/发音轻、快，发音轻、快，基本略过基本略过p在清辅音后读在清辅音后读t。lworked, finished, helped, hoped, liked, joked, stoppedp在元音和浊辅音后读在元音和浊辅音后读d。lfollowed, stayed, called, entered, believed, lived, tried, copied, plannedp在辅音在辅音t, d后读后读id。lwanted, rested, needed, fitted, a
3、dmitted规则动词的过去式和过去分词怎么发音？规则动词的过去式和过去分词怎么发音？/k, g/k, g/card guardcurl girlcave gave back bagdock dogpick pigankle angleticking diggingclock glad keen o由发音器官造成的缝隙使气流产生摩擦由发音器官造成的缝隙使气流产生摩擦而发出的声音而发出的声音 /f, , s, , h/ / v, , z, , r/ voiceless consonantsvoiced consonantsoThe consonants /f, v/ sounds are mad
4、e by pressing the lower lip against the upper teeth allowing the air to force its way between them.下唇轻触上齿下唇轻触上齿 l/f/nfan / feel / fail /safe /caf / refuse / fault / fast / funny / comfortablel/v/ nview / valley/ vows / very /vase / five / love / living / lovely / have 下唇轻触上齿下唇轻触上齿oIt may be confused
5、 with /w/E.g.vet 兽医兽医 wet vest 背心背心 westveil 面纱面纱 whale vain虚荣虚荣 wane衰退衰退veal 小牛肉小牛肉 wheel vent出口出口 wentverse诗诗 worse via经过经过 wirevile卑鄙的卑鄙的 while vine 藤藤 wine oThe consonants /, / sounds are made by putting the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth allowing the air to pass between the
6、 tip of the tongue and the upper teeth.舌尖齿背舌尖齿背摩擦音摩擦音/ thumb / thread / birth / author /death/ that / mother / father / those / these oThey are made by raising the tip of the tongue toward the upper teeth ridge with the air coming out of the narrow passage between them. nTouch your side teeth with t
7、he sides of your tongue.nPut your tongue forward.nUse your voice while producing /z/, but not /s/. /s/ sit/ stand/ rice / juice / song / stage / see / glass / city / artist/z/ zoo/ zip / rise / dies / dozen / lazy/ always/ prize / cousin/s/ a silver spoon something sweeta special season in the grass
8、sing a song a sad story/z/ Susans zipper a simple design a zigzag path Seas and oceans whose desks sisters and brotherso一般情况下，结尾是一般情况下，结尾是清辅音清辅音读读s，结尾是，结尾是浊浊辅音辅音或或元音元音读读z。ldesks, maps, lakes, fieldso在在以以s, x,. sh, ch等结尾等结尾的词加的词加-es读作读作iz。lbuses, brushes, watches, boxeso从词尾从词尾-f或或-fe变化而来的复数词尾变化而来的复数词
9、尾-ves读作读作vz。lthieves, shelves, knives, leaves, roofso从从“辅音辅音+y”结尾的名词变化而来的复数词尾结尾的名词变化而来的复数词尾-ies读作读作iz。lparties, factories, families, universitieso有些有些以以“辅音辅音+o”结尾的名词，虽然复数加结尾的名词，虽然复数加-es，但发音读作但发音读作z,不读作不读作iz。lheroes, potatoes, tomatoes, radioso以以-th结尾的名词复数加结尾的名词复数加-s，读作，读作z或或s 。lbaths, youths, paths,
10、 months, lengthsNotice: 名词复数的读音规则也适合于动词第三名词复数的读音规则也适合于动词第三人称单数词尾所加的人称单数词尾所加的-s-s或或-es-es。oThe consonants /, / sounds are made by pushing out the lips, raising the tip of the tongue toward the front part of the hard palate (硬腭、齿龈较后部位硬腭、齿龈较后部位) forming a narrow channel. Notice:o舌端贴近但不贴住上齿龈舌端贴近但不贴住上齿龈
11、o舌两侧向上鄂卷起，舌中间形成狭长的通舌两侧向上鄂卷起，舌中间形成狭长的通道道 o双唇向前突出，略成圆形双唇向前突出，略成圆形 Joining sounds English shops Irish sheetsDanish ships Polish shirts/ special / washing/ machine / fisher / sharp / leisure / treasure / usual /invasion / measure / sh cial ch (machine) tion sion/ sure su sionoThe / h / are made by openi
12、ng the mouth and sigh in a relaxed manner, with voice.oThe /r/ sound is made by putting the tip of the tongue near, but not touching, the back part of the upper teeth ridge; the main body of the tongue is kept low and the front is held concave allowing air to escape. New York later quarterdepart wea
13、ther airportafternoon announcer orderpassengers sir earlierforbidden are departurewonderful beer forecasterGerman dear supermarketupstairs four marvelous more emergency therestorm sure worseAffricates Affricates 破擦音：破擦音：o由一个爆破音和一个摩擦音组成。发音由一个爆破音和一个摩擦音组成。发音时舌尖抵住上齿龈成发时舌尖抵住上齿龈成发t、d的姿势，的姿势，形成气流的完全阻碍。随后让气
14、流冲破形成气流的完全阻碍。随后让气流冲破这种阻碍轻微爆破后立即发出第二个摩这种阻碍轻微爆破后立即发出第二个摩擦音，即先爆破后摩擦，两音密合，发擦音，即先爆破后摩擦，两音密合，发成一个音。成一个音。 /t / /d / /ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/t/ /d/ / t / have a chat / the chief editor a child of nature / cherish it /d/ jump at the chance / join hands / juice / a plain Jane/tr/ /dr/n/tr/ 发音时，舌身采取发发音时，舌身采取发/r/ 的姿
15、势，但的姿势，但舌尖要贴在齿龈后部，气流冲破这个阻舌尖要贴在齿龈后部，气流冲破这个阻碍发出短促的碍发出短促的/t/后，立即发后，立即发/r/n/dr/发音时，舌身采取发发音时，舌身采取发/r/ 的姿势，但舌的姿势，但舌尖要贴在齿龈后部，气流冲破这个阻碍尖要贴在齿龈后部，气流冲破这个阻碍发出短促的发出短促的/d/后，立即发后，立即发/r/tr/ tree treat trim 整洁的整洁的 track true tread 踩踏踩踏/dr/ dry drink dream drop draw drain drive dread 畏惧畏惧/tr/ /t / treat cheat trees ch
16、eese trip chip train chain trace chase /dr/ /d/dressed jest （开玩笑） drug jug drudge judge 做苦工/ts/ /dz/o/ts/ 发音时，舌端先发音时，舌端先贴住贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略齿龈，堵住气流，然后略微下降，气流随之泄出口腔。微下降，气流随之泄出口腔。o/dz/发音时，舌端先发音时，舌端先贴住贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略齿龈，堵住气流，然后略微下降，气流随之泄出口腔，声带振动。微下降，气流随之泄出口腔，声带振动。/ts/ beats seats sheets lets cats arts lots pot
17、s cuts hurts shorts boots/dz/ reads beads beds adds lads cards gods lords birdsNasal Consonants Nasal Consonants 鼻音鼻音/n/ /lTon tonguelSin singlWin winglKin 家人 King lTan tanglBan banglBun bung 塞子 连读连读o在同一个意群中在同一个意群中,相邻的两个词相邻的两个词,前者以辅音音素前者以辅音音素结尾结尾,后者以元音音素开头后者以元音音素开头,往往要拼在一起连读。往往要拼在一起连读。nHe is a stude
18、nt. (is与与a要连读要连读) nThat is a right answer. (That与与is, is和和a, right和和answer都可以连读都可以连读) nIll be back in half an hour. (back和和in, half和和an, an与与hour都可以连读都可以连读)。 o在同一个意群中的两个单词在同一个意群中的两个单词,如果前面的单词以如果前面的单词以r或或re结尾结尾,后面的单词以元音音素开头后面的单词以元音音素开头,则则r或或re要发要发/r/音音,并与其后的元音音素相拼。并与其后的元音音素相拼。nhere and there连读时往往读作连读
19、时往往读作/hiEr End TZE /。na pair of shoes连读时读作连读时读作/E pZEr Ev FU:z/. Notice：连读现象只出现在意群内部，意群与意群之连读现象只出现在意群内部，意群与意群之间的两个相邻单词即使符合上面所讲的两个条件，间的两个相邻单词即使符合上面所讲的两个条件，也不连读。也不连读。nI hope itll get a little warmer. o这个句子中的这个句子中的hope it就不连读为就不连读为/hupit/，因为主句，因为主句I hope是一个意群，后面的从句是另一个意群。是一个意群，后面的从句是另一个意群。 不完全爆破不完全爆破o在
20、某些情况下在某些情况下,发爆破音时发爆破音时,气流不必气流不必冲破阻碍冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍形成阻碍,并稍做停顿并稍做停顿,(也就是说也就是说,做做好要发出这个爆破音的准备好要发出这个爆破音的准备,但不要但不要发出音来发出音来),这样的发音过程叫作这样的发音过程叫作不不完全爆破完全爆破。 o/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/这这6个爆破音中的任何两个音素个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地。彻底地后者则要完全地。彻底地进行爆破。如进行爆破。如: lHe has a ba(d) c
21、ol(d) today. lYou shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children. Gla(d) to meet you. o爆破音爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在在/t /, /d /, /, /的前的前面时不完全爆破。如面时不完全爆破。如: lHave you rea(d) the book abou(t) tha(t) child。lThe thir(d) chair is broken. o爆破音爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在在/m/, /n/, /l/, /s/的前面时的前面时不完全爆破。如
22、不完全爆破。如: lGoo(d) morning, sir. lGoo(d) night. lThey are very frien(d)ly to us. o注意注意:不完全爆破可以发生在单词。短语或句子中。不完全爆破可以发生在单词。短语或句子中。 Practicebeach bitchship sheepgreat greetget fatbest backlaugh loveport potfood goodcheek chicksit setJinny Jennnypen painlet lateletter laterhouse horsefire fairword worldlik
23、e lackcat kitelit late stick steak shot shouthop hopefear furwear wireluck locksing thingfaith facebath busvest westlight nightdriver travelmeasure yardfill failoVery well, very well, very well . oA big black bug bit a big black bear and made the big black bear bleed blood. oNo need to light a night light on a light night like tonight. oShe sells seashells on the seashore. The seashells she sells are seashore seashells.
