1、现在完成时过去完成时结构：结构：肯定：肯定：have / has done 否定：否定：have / has not done 疑问：疑问：Has /Have + 主语主语 + done 简略答语简略答语: Yes, 主语主语 + have/has.(肯定肯定) No, 主语主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定否定) 被动：被动：has / have been done注意：注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用语连用, 如如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等等; 2)不能与不能与when连用连用 3)
2、.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用去时间状语连用用法一：用法一：表示表示 ( 不确定的不确定的) 过去发生的动作对现在过去发生的动作对现在产生影响或造成结果。产生影响或造成结果。 I have already lost the key. (我现在没有钥匙我现在没有钥匙) I havent read that book yet . (不了解书的内容不了解书的内容) I have just cleaned my hands. (手是干净的手是干净的)常与常与already(已经已经), yet(已经已经), just(刚刚刚刚),ever(曾经曾经) ne
3、ver(从不从不) ，recently(最近最近), lately(近来近来) 等词连用等词连用. already: 常用于肯定句中常用于肯定句中. yet: 常用于否定句常用于否定句,疑问句尾疑问句尾. 注意：注意： just: just: 刚刚，与现在完成时连用刚刚，与现在完成时连用 just now: just now: 刚才，与一般过去时连用刚才，与一般过去时连用e.g. I have just bought a pen I bought a pen just now.用法二用法二:表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某
4、些延状态，也可能继续持续下去，只能用于某些延续性动词，常与续性动词，常与for,since,for,since,或和表示从过或和表示从过去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如去某时到现在这段时间的时间状语（如: so : so far, up to now, in the last few far, up to now, in the last few years/daysyears/days等）连用。等）连用。She has learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born .Has he lived in
5、 Shenzhen for 4 years?since: (自自以来以来)1)since+时间点时间点He has stayed here since 5 oclock.2)since+ 时间段时间段+ agoHe has stayed here since 5 hours ago.3)since+ 从句从句She has taught English since he came here. for: (长达）长达）for+ 时间段时间段He has kept the book for 2 weeks.since , for 的用法的用法: Take notes 用for 或since填空Mr
6、. Brown has had his TV _ 15 years. Ive taken driving lessons _last month. My sister has had her cell phone _a month . My friends havent visited me _my birthday. We havent used our car _ a long time . She hasnt had a good cup of coffee _years. Tom has worn glasses _he was 7 years old. forsinceforsinc
7、eforforsince注意：瞬间动词在肯定句中不能与注意：瞬间动词在肯定句中不能与forfor，sincesince等表示等表示一段时间的时间状语连用一段时间的时间状语连用延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：或产生持久影响。如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。等。瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，瞬间动词也称非延续性动词、终止性动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种
8、动作发生后立即结束。如：表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,die,borrow, buy等。等。当现在完成时当现在完成时 + + 一段时间一段时间注意：注意：1)Tom has studied Russian for three years.=Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now.2)(错错) Harry has got married for six years
9、. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.改为改为: Harry got married six years ago.或或 Harry has been married for six years.误误I have received his letter for two days.正正I received his letter two days ago.I have had his letter for two days.It is two days since I receiv
10、ed his letter.*瞬间动词在瞬间动词在否定句中否定句中则可以与表示一段时间则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。的时间状语连用。I havent received his letter for a long time.He hasnt married since he broke up with his girlfriend.动作动作状态状态die be over leave arrive begin end/finish join marry be away be here be on(上演） be married be in be dead由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换由非延续
11、性动词到延续性动词的转换1.have代替代替buy My brother has had(不能用不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用、用keep或或have代替代替borrow I have kept(不能用不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用、用be替代替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用、用have a cold代替代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold sin
12、ce the day before yesterday. 5、用、用wear代替代替put on b)用用“be形容词形容词”代终止性动词代终止性动词 1、bemarried代代marry 2、beill代代fall (get) ill 4、beasleep代代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代代wake/wake up 7、beopen代代open 8、be closed代代close/shut 9、bemissing (gone, lost) 代代lose 用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已用法三：表示一个过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚刚完成。完成或刚刚完
13、成。 Now we have planted all the trees. He has turned off the light. Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children. A: “ Would you like something to eat ? ” B: “ No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.” All of us have heard this many times. I have visited Beijing three times. You dont need to describ
14、e her; I have met her several times.用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉用法四：表示过去发生的一次或多次的动作，一般汉语译为语译为“过过”，常带有，常带有once，twice, threetimes等等频度时间状语频度时间状语 特殊句型：特殊句型： 1.It is + 时间段 since +一般过去时的句子. 他的爷爷已经去世他的爷爷已经去世2年了。年了。 Nick 参军参军3年了年了. 他离开深圳好长时间了。他离开深圳好长时间了。 这本书我已借了这本书我已借了4个月了个月了. It is 2 years since his grandpa die
15、d. It is 3 years since Nick joined the army. It is a long time since he left Shenzhen. It is 4 months since I borrowed the book . 句型二句型二: This/It is : This/It is the first/second 等序数词等序数词 time + that time + that 从句从句( (谓语动词用现在完成时谓语动词用现在完成时) )Its the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang.句型三：
16、句型三：It/This/That is It/This/That is the the 最高级最高级 + + 名词名词 that that 从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）从句（谓语动词用现在完成时）Its the best film that I have ever seen. have / has gone to & have / has been to 1. have / has been (to)表示表示“去过某地去过某地 （现在已回来）（现在已回来）” 2. have / has gone to 表示表示“去某地了去某地了 （说话时某人不在当地）（说话时某人不在当地） “前者可与前者可与
17、once, never, severaltimes等连用等连用,后后者则不能者则不能我曾经去过三次意大利。我曾经去过三次意大利。 I have been to Italy three times. 他去哈尔滨了。他去哈尔滨了。 He has gone to Harbin.Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.Summary:用法一：用法一： ( ( 不确定的不确定的) ) 过去发生的动作对现在产生影过去发生的
18、动作对现在产生影 响或造成结果。响或造成结果。用法二用法二: :表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，表示从过去开始并持续到现在的动作或状态， 也可能继续持续下去。也可能继续持续下去。用法三：过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。用法三：过去发生的动作到现在为止已完成或刚完成。用法四：过去发生的一次或多次的动作。用法四：过去发生的一次或多次的动作。用法五：用于某些特殊句型用法五：用于某些特殊句型Practice：1. Can you give me the right answer? Sorry, I _ Would you please repeat that question? A.
19、havent listened B. hadnt listenedC. dont listen D. wasnt listening 2. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _ . have marked B. have been markedC. had marked D. had been marked3.It seems that she is thinking about something. Yes, she can not remember what key she _ to her compute
20、r. set B. has set C. had set D. sets4.Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular. works B. is workingC. has worked D. worked5. He didnt give up the plan though he _many times. would fail B. was failing C. had failed D. has failedTrue or False: He has been to the shop. Hell be b
21、ack soon.2. I havent received his letter for a long time.3. I have received his letter for two days.4. This is the most interesting book that I had read.5. He has bought the car last Friday.gonehadhave 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时现在完成时: : 强调的是这一动作强调的是这一动作与现在的关系与现在的关系, ,对现在产生的结果或影响等对现在产生的结果或影响
22、等, ,不能与表过去的时不能与表过去的时间状语连用。间状语连用。一般过去时一般过去时: : 只着重说明动作发生在过去，与现只着重说明动作发生在过去，与现在无关，在无关，常与具体的过去时间状语连用。常与具体的过去时间状语连用。Exercises:We _(study) English for about five years. We_ (begin) to study it five years ago.2. They _(move) to the south in 1990 and _(live) there since then.3. Eric _(leave) home last year
23、 but now he _ (come) back.have studiedbeganmovedhave livedhas comeleft1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him . . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a mome
24、nt ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written5、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived6、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . . has begun . had begun . has been on . began7、 It _ ten years since he left
25、 the army . is . has . will . was8、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been9、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been10、The students have cleaned the classroom, _?A. so they B. dont they C. have they
26、D. havent they过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去” 那时以前那时以前 那时那时 现在现在构成：过去完成时由构成：过去完成时由“助动词助动词had +过去过去分词分词”构成，其中构成，其中had通用于各种人称。通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finishe
27、d writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。过去的时间点。 如：如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。过去的时间点。 如：如：We had
28、 learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （3 ）before +过去的时间点。过去的时间点。 如：如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday2. 由由“过去的过去过去的过去”来判定。来判定。 过去完成时表示过去完成时表示“过去的过去过去的过去”，是指，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这过去完成
29、时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：种用法常出现在： 1）表示意向的动词，如）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示原本原本，未能，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 2 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 1.She said that she had seen
30、 the film before2.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和 after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： 1.Where did you study before you came here? 2.After he closed the door, he left the classroom. 3. 根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the
31、street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”。如：。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，
32、表示的是过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过过去的过去去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在发生在told 之前之前)3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already，yet ，still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及等时间副词及
33、by ，before ，until 等引导的短等引导的短语或从句连用。如：语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：如： By the end of last year, he had worked
34、 in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）年，还有继续进行下去的可能）5. 过去完成时也用于过去完成时也用于hardly.when.（刚（刚就就） no sooner.than. （刚（刚就就）, It was the first time + that等一些固定句型中。等一些固定句型中。 He had no sooner left the room than they began to talk about him. 他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。他刚离开房间，他们就议论起他来。 We ha
35、d hardly begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。我们刚开始就被叫停。 It was the first time that he had ever spoken to me in such a tune.他用这样的语调跟我讲话，这是第一次。他用这样的语调跟我讲话，这是第一次。四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为构为“助动词助动词have (h
36、as) + 过去分词过去分词”；过去完；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去过去的过去”，只有和过，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。 I had learned 1000 English words till then. 到那时为止我已经学会了到那时为止我已经学会了1000
37、个英语单词。个英语单词。五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调调“过去的过去过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at
38、 ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. Present perfect continuous
39、 tense现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 1.The telephone has been ringing for almost a minute. Why doesnt someone answer it?电话响了差不多一分钟电话响了差不多一分钟, , 为什么没人接为什么没人接? ? 2. The weather has been changeable lately; Ive been having a lot of colds.最近天气变化无常最近天气变化无常, , 我时常感冒。我时常感冒。n用法一：用法一：从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在进从以前到现在这一段时间里一直在进行的动作，可能仍在
40、进行，也可能已停止。行的动作，可能仍在进行，也可能已停止。用法二：表示一个从过去某时开始的动用法二：表示一个从过去某时开始的动作一直延续到说话时刚结束。作一直延续到说话时刚结束。Where have you been?We have been looking for you everywhere.用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，用法三：表示过去刚刚完成的动作，对现在有联系或影响。对现在有联系或影响。1. Ive been typing letters all day. （I am very tired. ） 一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。）一整天都在打信件。（我太累了。）2. Susan ha
41、s been crying. （Susans eyes are red.） 苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）苏姗一直在哭。（眼睛都哭红了。）Practice: How I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who _ so hard. will work B. had worked C. have been working D. were working2. Isnt it hard to drive downtown to work? -Yes, thats why I _ to work by train. have gone
42、B. have been goingC. was going D. will have gone现现在在完完成成进进行行时时和和Note 2: 现在完成时强调结果和影响；现在完成进行现在完成时强调结果和影响；现在完成进行时强调动作仍在进行。时强调动作仍在进行。 1. Ive cleaned the windows. 我把窗户擦干净了我把窗户擦干净了。 2. Ive been cleaning the windows. 我一直在擦窗户。我一直在擦窗户。( (可能窗户尚未擦完可能窗户尚未擦完) )How many times have you swum in the lake?How long h
43、ave you been swimming in the lake?Note 3 :现在完成时表示动作重复的次数，提问时现在完成时表示动作重复的次数，提问时用用how many times ; ;而现在完成进行时则表示而现在完成进行时则表示持续的不间断的动作，提问时用持续的不间断的动作，提问时用how long.I have visited Egypt twice this month.I have been touring Egypt for two months.注意：注意：never, yet, already , ever and once, twice等频率时等频率时间状语不能用于现
44、在间状语不能用于现在完成进行时。完成进行时。Note 4 : 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。进行时还可表示一种感情色彩。 I have waited for two hours. 我等了两小时。（陈述事实）我等了两小时。（陈述事实） I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）我等了两个小时。（等得好辛苦）1. Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparingB. was preparingC. had been preparingD. has been preparing2. By the time he realizes he _ into a trap, itll be too late for him to do anything about it. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
