1、 John Milton John Milton(16081674 )He remained outside both Donnes and Jonsons influence Paradise Lost takes its place in western literature along with Homers Illiad and Odyssey, Virgils Aneid伊尼伊德, and Dantes Divine Comedy and in English literature with Beowulf and Spensers Fairie Queene. 1. John Mi
2、ltons Times1. John Miltons Times 1642-1649: English Civil WarKing/Anglican Clergy vs. Parliament (dominated by Puritans) Protestant Revolution (Death of King Charles I) 1649-1660: No British King1649-1653: Commonwealth1653-1658: Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell1660: Restoration (of King Charles II) 2
3、.Miltons Religion2.Miltons Religion 1). Milton believed that each individual Christian should be his own church, without any establishment to encumber him. 2). In his later years, Milton came to view all organized Christian churches, whether Anglican, Catholic or Presbyterian, as an obstacle to true
4、 faith. 3. His revolutionary 3. His revolutionary careercareer 1). Pamphleteering in the cause of religious and civil liberty in 1641-60. 2). Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwells Council of State in 1649. 3). Censor and editor of the Commonwealth paper, Mercurius Politicu in 1651. Latin Defense of
5、 the People of England. 4). Totally blind in 1652 and imprisoned for a short time after the restoration and then retired to private life. 4. Miltons literary 4. Miltons literary careercareer 1625-1640: short poems: LAllegro and Il Penseroso (1632), Comus (1634, 宴会欢乐之神), and Lycidas (1638) 1640-1660:
6、 pamphlets and tracts: Areopagitica (1644论出版自由); The Defense of the English People (1650); The 2nd Defense of the English People (1650). 1660-1674: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671). 1). Miltons Works of His Early DaysPoems written in Cambridge and at Horton
7、:Poems written in Cambridge and at Horton:a. a. On the Morning of Christs NativityOn the Morning of Christs Nativity 基督基督诞生晨颂诞生晨颂, first important work, first important workb. b. LAllegroLAllegro快乐的人快乐的人 Penseroso Penseroso幽思的人幽思的人c. c. ComusComus 科玛斯科玛斯a maska mask假面剧假面剧, in blank verse, in blank v
8、ersed. d. LycidasLycidas 利西达斯利西达斯, expressing the , expressing the pathos(pathos(哀颂哀颂)of his friend Edward Kings )of his friend Edward Kings premature deathpremature deathtwin lyrical poemstwin lyrical poemsRhyme: abbacdeecRhyme: abbacdeec2). Works of his adult years: 2). Works of his adult years: a
9、. pamphlets on religious reform Of Reformation in England论英国改革b. pamphlets on marriage and divorce: Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce 离婚的戒律与学说c. Areopagitica 论出版自由 a prose work for the freedom of the pressd. Defence of the English People 为英国人民声辩 A pamphlet against the divine right of the king. Peop
10、le made the king, so the king should do everything for the people.e. The Second Defence of the English People 再为英国人民声辩再为英国人民声辩 An answer to the productions against the An answer to the productions against the Commonwealth.Commonwealth. Fight for the liberty of the nations in the world Fight for the
11、liberty of the nations in the world and recover their lost liberty.and recover their lost liberty.3). Miltons works of old agea. Paradise Lostb. Paradise Regainedc. Samson Agonistes5.5. Paradise Lost Paradise Lost (1667)1). Overview of 1). Overview of Paradise LostParadise Lost _ Miltons masterpiece
12、. _ A long epic in 12 books. _ taken from the Old Testament. _ Major characters: Satan, God, Archangel, Adam, Eve _ It is about Satans rebellion against God and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden. The creation The rebellion of Satan and his fellow angels Their defeat and expulsion
13、 from Heaven Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve Satan in hell plotting against God Satans temptation of Eve Departure of Adam and Eve from Eden2). The Story of 2). The Story of Paradise LostParadise LostParadise LostParadise Lost Leading Up to the Beginning Leading Up to the Beginning At the
14、beginning of poem, war in Heaven has been over for two weeks; For nine days, Satan and those who fought God alongside him have been lying in Hell, stunned at the outcome; The first character to move is Satan, who begins by speaking to Beelzebub; Starts to sort of rally his troops. At the center of t
15、he conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Miltons fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love. EveEve, seduced by Satans rhetoric and her own confused ambition falls into sin thro
16、ugh falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying Godrather than obeying God. This is the error wherein his greatness lies. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full hum
17、anityIn the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But mans fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels. By lifting his argument to that plane, Milton raises the problem of evil in a more intractable form. Milton held that God created all things out of H
18、imself, including Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, Wrath, and Avarice were thereWrath, and Avarice were there. 3). Themes: 3). Themes
19、: a revolt against Gods authority At the exaltation of the Son these forces erupted and were cast forth. But God suffered them to escape from Hell and infect the Earth. And then the tragedy was re-enacted, but with a difference “Man shall find grace”. But he must lay hold of it by an act of free-wil
20、l. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And,
21、thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ, which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out evil. Only Six major charactersSatan, the leader of the fallen angels (now known as devils)Beelzebub, Satans closest friend/allyGod, the FatherThe Son, also known as the Messiah, Chris
22、tAdam, the first man, living in ParadiseEve, his wife, supposed to be under his control4). The characters4). The charactersSatanSatan：a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a _. Major Quote: Better to reign in Hell then serve in Heavn!republican Parliamentrepublican ParliamentS
23、atan: Chinese ViewSatan: Chinese View1. A rebel against tyranny 2. Miltons mouthpiece, uttering his hatred of tyranny.3. Revolt against the dictator and established doctrines. Western ViewWestern ViewnSatans qualities are perverted: evil and exaggerated.vSatans defiance of God manifests: his egoisti
24、c pride, false conception of freedom, alienation from all good; vReligiously and morally corrupt and blind. vConsciousness of his own evil and damnation vSatan and his fellows are enveloped in dramatic irony because they fight and scheme in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.Beelz
25、ebubBeelzebub Satans Best Friend He is talking to Satan about a return to Heaven for more fighting Disappears after Book I, since the rest of the story concerns Satan, God, and the First PeopleGod The FatherGod The Father：selfish despot, cruel, unjust Called the Father because of Holy Trinity: The F
26、ather, the Son, the Holy Spirit Ruler of Heaven and Creator of Earth It was He who cast Satan out First appearance is in Book III:“Now had the Almighty Father, from above,From the pure Empyrean where he sitsHigh throned above all heighth, bent down his eye” Lines 56-58The SonThe Son Also referred to
27、 as The Messiah When God the Father first speaks, it is The Son that He is addressing The Father and Son see Adam eat the appleThe Son moves down, in Book X, to interview, pass judgement on, and clothe Adam and EveAdamAdam The first man He lives with Eve in the Garden of Eden (Paradise, Earth) He ea
28、ts from the Tree of Knowledge only after Eve does Referred to as “the patriarch of man”, Line 379, Book IXEveEve The first woman Satan uses her curiosity against her She is tricked into, and given a bad name for, eating from the Tree of Knowledge first Genesis 3:18 refers to her as “the mother of al
29、l living”Adam & EveAdam & EveChinese View: Chinese View: embody Miltons belief in the powers of man, craving for knowledge. Western View:Western View:1.Enveloped in a parallel kind of irony2.Garden of Eden is a symbolic rendering of Miltons vision of perfection; but it is presented with Satan, thus
30、idyllic innocence and happiness are seen only under the shadow of evil. 3.far from attaining godlike knowledge, they succumb to animal lust.4.Though there is promised redemption for the faithful, and though the poem is a divine comedy with a happy ending, Miltons panorama of human history gives litt
31、le ground for hope on earth.5). Understanding of the selection5). Understanding of the selectionLines 50-5850. Nine times the space that measures day and night 51. To mortal men, he with his horrid crew 52. Lay vanquishd, rolling in the fiery gulf, 53. Confounded though immortal. But his doom 54. Re
32、servd him to more wrath; for now the thought 55. Both of lost happiness and lasting pain 56. Torments him; round he throws his baleful eyes, 57. That witnessd huge affliction and dismay 58. Mixd with obdurate pride and steadfast hate. This carefully avoids the simpler expression of “nine days and ni
33、ghts” because the mutiny in heaven occurred before the CreationUtterly defeated and ruined.Judgment; punishmentDestined; kept forSatans happy life in heavennow lost foreverThe pain in hell which Satanmust suffer now foreverEvil and suffering. Note the depth of Description here, and this from a blind
34、 man50. 依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，51. 他和他那一伙可怕的徒众，52. 沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中。53. 虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈；54. 但这个惩罚反激起他更大的忿怒，55. 既失去了幸福，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。56. 他抬起忧郁的双眼，环顾周遭，57. 摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，58. 顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。Lines 59-6459. At once, as far as Angels ken, he views 60. The dismal situation waste and wild: 61. A dungeon horrible on all sid
35、es round 62. As one great furnace flamd; yet from those flames 63. No light, but rather darkness visible 64. Servd only to discover sights of woe, In one comprehensive viewrange of visionreveal59. 霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断60. 际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠，61. 四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，62. 象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰63. 却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，64. 可以辨认出那儿的
36、苦难景况，杜勒杜勒Albrecht Durer and Albrecht Durer and 忧郁忧郁 (Melencolia I(Melencolia I 1514 年读拉奥孔 文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明的真矛盾，创辟新奇的景象。例如金楼子第二篇箴戒“两日并出，黑光遍天”，冯明期滹沱秋兴“倒卷黑云遮古林，平沙落日光如漆”莱辛称赞弥尔顿乐园的丧失里有“诗歌的画”，在拉奥孔草稿中列举该诗章句为例，都是描述继续进展的动作的，“物质的画”画不出来。不过，弥尔顿有些形容状态的词句，也同样无法画入“物质的画”，拉辛似乎忽视了。 例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，
37、又魔鬼向天堂开炮，射出一道“黑火”(black fire)。本身黑暗的光明或本身光明的黑暗，造型艺术很难表达。中国诗里的“黑日”也曾出现在雨果的诗里：“一个可怕的黑太阳耀射出昏夜”一位大画家确曾企图把黑太阳画出来；尽管度勒的名作忧郁里那枚黑太阳也博得雨果的叹赏，我们终觉得不如他自己的诗句惊心动魄。竟可以大胆说，我们要不是事先心中有数，还看不出度勒所画的是黑太阳呢。 Antithesis: A rhetorical device in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp
38、juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the phrase “they promised freedom and provided slavery.” Abraham Lincolns “Gettysburg Address”:The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.Paradox: An apparently self-contradictory statement, the
39、 underlying meaning of which is revealed only by careful scrutiny. The purpose of a paradox is to arrest attention and provoke fresh thought. The statement “less is more” is an example. In George Orwells anti-Utopian satire Animal Farm (1945), the first commandment of the animals commune is revised
40、into a witty paradox: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Oxymoron When a paradox is compressed into words, as in “loud silence”, “lonely crowd”, or “living death”, it is called an Oxymoron. Lines 65-7465. Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace 66. And rest
41、can never dwell, hope never comes 67. That comes to all, but torture without end 68. Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed 69. With ever-burning sulphur unconsumd. 70. Such place Eternal Justice had prepard 71. For those rebellious; here their prison ordaind 72. In utter darkness, and their portion s
42、et, 73. As far removd from God and light of Heavn 74. As from the centre thrice to th utmost pole. Hope that comes to all never comes to the fallen Angels.presses on foreverAnd a fiery deluge, fed , still urges.Here “eternal justice had” ordained their prisonIn utter darkness, and set their portion
43、(i.e. lot)The Center: the earth. In Paradise Lost the starry universe is understood as a great hollow sphere enclosed in an opaque shell. A flight of stairs lead to heaven from the top of the sphere where an openingis made, through which passage between earth, heaven and hell can be effected.The utm
44、ost pole: refering to the end of the axis running through the starry universe, not the Earths pole. Jacobs Ladder The distance downward from earth to hell is twice aslong as that from earth to heaven. In all, the distancebetween empyreal heaven and hell is three timesthat from the earth to the pole
45、of the starry universe.可编辑65.悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。66.和平和安息绝不在那儿停留，67.希望无所不到，惟独不到那里。68.只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着69.永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的70.火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。71.这个地方，就是正义之神为那些72.叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中73.为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方74.离开天神和天界的亮光，75.相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。Lines 75-8375.Oh how unlike the place from whence they fell! 76.There the companions of his fa
46、ll, oerwhelmd 77.With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fire, 78.He soon discerns; and weltring by his side 79.One next himself in power and next in crime, 80.Long after known in Palestine and namd 81.Belzebub. To whom th Arch-Enemy, 82.And thence in Heavn calld Satan, with bold words 83.Breaking
47、 the horrid silence, thus began: There he soon discerns the companions of his fall and one next to himself in power and crime, weltering by his side, known in Palestine long after and named BeelzebubChief enemy, i.e. Satan.In Hebrew, adversary”.75.啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方76.比起来是何等的不同呀！77.和他一起坠落的伙伴们78.淹没在猛火的洪流和
48、旋风之中，79.他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的，80.论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔，81.后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫82.别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的83.首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的84.沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道：Lines 84-9284.If thou beest he-but oh how falln! how changd 85.From him who, in the happy realms of light, 86.Clothd with transcendent brightness didst outshine 87.Myriads though bright!-if
49、he whom mutual league, 88.United thoughts and counsels, equal hope 89.And hazard in the glorious enterprise, 90.Joind with me once, now misery hath joind 91.In equal ruin, into what pit thou seest 92.From what highth falln. Satans rebellionThe subjects of “joined” are “mutual league, united thoughts
50、 and counsels, equal hope and hazard.Now misery hath joined (thee with me) in equal ruin. i.e. we are eqaully fallen and ruined84.“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！85.何等的变化呀！你原来住在86.光明的乐土，全身披覆着87.无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂；88.你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气，89.同一希望，在光荣的大事业中90.和我在一起。现在，我们是从91.何等高的高天上，沉沦到了92.何等深的深渊呀！Lines 92-9992.So much the stronger p
