1、Word-building Benefits:Improving your reading comprehension by using word part clues to guess word meanings.Helping build up your vocabulary. IndexGeneral introductionClassify wordsCompounding (有两个或更多的词合成一个词有两个或更多的词合成一个词)Derivation introduction(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词)prefixsuffixConversi
2、on (将一种词性转化成另一种词性将一种词性转化成另一种词性)PracticeClassify: pathway freedom darkest place frustration lock everyday riverside loneliest合成词合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词有两个或更多的词合成一个词):转化词转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性将一种词性转化成另一种词性):派生词派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):everyday pathway riversidefrustration darkest loneliest freedom
3、lock place构词法构词法构词法:构词法:合成合成(Compounding) 派生法派生法(Derivation) 【前缀【前缀/后缀】后缀】转化法转化法(Conversion) 【词性转换】【词性转换】合成(Compounding) blackboard spaceshiphalf-understandfirst-class man-made good-looking sometimes beforehand(1)合 成 名 词构成方式 例词名词名词weekend周末名词动词daybreak黎明名词动名词handwriting书法名词及物动词erorpain-killer止痛药名词介词
4、名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词名词typewriter打字机动名词名词reading-room阅览室现在分词名词 flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发介词名词afternoon下午代词名词she-wolf母狼(2)合 成 形 容 词构成方式例词名词形容词snow-white雪白的名词现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词to名词face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词man-made人造的数词名词 one-way单行的数词名词形容词two-year-old两岁的数词名词edfive-storeyed五层的动词副词
5、 see-through透明的形容词名词high-class高级的形容词名词ednoble-minded高尚的形容词形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green常青的副词现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词过去分词well-known著名的副词名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 downhill下坡的(3)合 成 动 词构成方式例词名词动词sleep-walk梦游形容词动词 white-wash粉刷副词动词overthrow推翻(4)合 成 副 词构成方式 例词形容词名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词ev
6、erywhere到处副词副词however尽管如此介词名词beforehand事先介词副词forever永远(5)合 成 代 词构成方式例词代词宾格selfherself她自己物主代词selfmyself我自己形容词名词 anything任何东西(6)合 成 介 词构成方式例词副词名词inside在里面介词副词within在之内副词介词into进入Derivation 派生定义(Definition) 派生词缀和词根结合,或粘着词根和粘着词结合构成单词的方法,叫做派生法(derivation)。 用派生法构成的词叫做派生词(derivative)。词根(Roots) 词根是一个单词的根本部分。
7、它表示一个单词的基 本意义。它是同根词可以 辨认出来的部分。 例如: eulogize(称赞),prologue(序言), monologue(独白),dialogue(对话),epilogue(结束语),apologize(道歉),logogram(标语),neologism(新语)。 它们有一个共同的部分”log”,它表示一个共同的基本意思“言”。这个共同的部分”log”就是这些单词的词根。一个词根可以派生出许多新词。 词根大部分是单音节的,有小部分是多音节的。有的词根可以单独成为单词,这种词根叫做根词,如:act, man, work等。词缀(Affix) 在英语中,词缀可以分为前缀(P
8、refixes)和后缀(Suffixes)。AffixationPrefix 一般只改变词义,不改变词性一般只改变词义,不改变词性Suffix 一般只改变词性,不改变词义一般只改变词性,不改变词义派生法派生法(Derivation)-词缀词缀法法1. 前缀前缀:Pre-Pre-reading, preview, prepayRe-Rewrite, reconsider, reuse(前前)(重新重新)加前缀:加前缀: happy - _happy 加后缀:加后缀: develop - develop_既加前缀又加后缀:既加前缀又加后缀: employ -_employ_unmentunment
9、派生词派生词(derivation) dis- (不不)disagree, dislike, disappearmisunderstand, misleadmis (错误或失当错误或失当)miniskirt, minibussupermarket, supermansuper- (超级超级)mini-(微小微小)in/im- (不不)incorrect impossibleforetell, forecastpost(之后之后)postwar, post-readingfore-(前前, 预先预先)semicircle, semi-finalsemi-(半半, 部分部分)antiwar, an
10、ti-Japanese waranti- (阻止阻止, 抗抗)underground, under-developunder- (在在下下, 在在中中) 前缀(Prefixes) 前缀是加在词根或单词前面的部分。它具有一定的含义。 同一词根或单词加上不同的前缀,即可构成不同的新词。 如:pre-(前):prewar(战前的) post-(后):postwar(战后的) im-(入):import(输入) ex-(出):export(输出) 前缀可以增加、改变或加强一个词根或单词的意义,也可以改变一个单词的词类。 如: 增加意义:hemi-(半) hemisphere(半球) 改变意义:un-(
11、不) unhappy(不快乐的) 加强意义:de- describe(描写) 改变词类:en- enlarge(扩大) 大多数前缀不影响词根的词性和其它语法范畴,只是对词根的语义加以修饰或限制,可以表示方法、态度、程度、时间、地点、否定等概念。 表示“方式”的前缀: mis- “错误地” mislead v. 领错路,使人误解 miscalculate v. 算错,错误地估计 mal- “恶”,“不良” maltreat v. 虐待 malnutrition n. 营养不良 co- “共同” cooperate v. 合作 cochairman v. 联合主席表示“态度”的前缀:anti- “
12、反对” anti-social a. 反社会 anti-war a. 反战的counter- “反对” counter-revolution n. 反革命 counter-charge v. 反诉,倒打一耙re- “反对” react v. 反作用 resist n. 抵抗pro- “亲”,“赞美” pro-American a. 亲美的 pro-Communist a. 亲共的表示度程度的前缀:super- “超越” superman n. 超人 super-power n. 超级大国under- “低于”,“不足” underfeed v. 不喂饱 underdeveloped a. 不发
13、达的cover- “过分” overcareful a. 过分小心的 overdo v. “做得过头”表示“地点”的前缀:inter- “在之间” international a. 国际的trans- “跨越” trans-Atlantic a. 跨越大西洋的,大西洋两 岸的super- “在之上” superstructure n. 上层建筑over- “在之上” subway n. 地下铁道under- “在之下” underground a. 地下的表示“否定”的前缀:un- untidy a. 不整齐的in- incorrect a. 不正确的im- improper a. 不适当的i
14、l- illogical a. 不合逻辑的ir- irregular a. 不规则的dis- dishonest a. 不诚实的 在英语中,只有三个前缀能决定词性,那就是en-(在p, b, m前用em),be-和a-。 en-加在一些名词前面,表示“使处于状态、处境”的意思,如: enslave v. 使成为奴隶,奴役 empower v. 授权 embody v. 体现 endanger v. 使处于危险之中,危害en-也可以与形容词相结合,如:enable v. 使能够enrich v. 使富裕,使丰富enlarge v. 放大,扩大endear v. 使受喜爱ensure v. 担保
15、be-可以加在名词、形容词之前,使其成为动词,如: befriend v. 把当做朋友 becloud v. 遮掩,使糊涂 benumb v. 使麻木 becalm v. 使平静 belittle v. 贬低 be-也可以加在名词之前,使其成为带-ed的形容词,常含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled a. 戴眼镜的 benighted a. 不觉天黑了的,愚昧的 a-主要用来使动词、名词变成表语性形容词,如: asleep a. 睡着的 astray a. 误入歧途的 astir a. 动起来,激动起来 afire a. 燃烧着 afoot a. 在行进中,活动着,徒步后缀(Su
16、ffixes) 后缀是加在词根或单词后面的部分。后缀分为四种: 1)名词后缀; 2)形容词后缀; 3)动词后缀; 4)副词后缀1)名词后缀名词后缀有许多种,下面略举数种为例:表示人:-er worker(工人) -ist artist(艺术家)表示物:-or tractor(拖拉机) -ant disinfectant(消毒剂)表示抽象名词:-hood childhood(童年) -ship friendship(友谊)表示集体名词:-ry peasantry(农民总称) -age mileage(英里数)表示场所地点:-ery piggery(养猪场) -arium planetarium(
17、天文馆)表示小称:-let streamlet(小溪,小河) -ock hillock(小丘) -et floweret(小花)表示阴性:-ine heroine(女英雄) -ess lioness(母狮) -enne comedienne(女喜剧演员)表示行为:-ade blockade(封锁) -ation visitation(访问) -ism criticism(批评)表示化学名词:-ane methane(甲烷 -ide oxide(氧化物) -one acetone(丙酮)表示身份、地位:-age pupilage(学生身份) -cy captaincy(船长身份、职务) -dom
18、 serfdom(农奴地位)表示“学”:-logy zoology(动物学) -ics electronics(电子学) -ry forestry(林学)2)形容词后缀 表示一种事物具有或属于某种性质或状态,表“意义是的”,“似的”,“具有的”,“多的”,“关于的”,“有性质的”等等。如: -ic atomic(原子的) -ous globous(似球形的) -ful powerful(强有力的) -y hilly(多山的)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,
19、-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:nature自然natural自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的 America美国American美国的 China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的 woodeneast东eastern东方的 westernchild孩子childish孩子气的 foolish snow雪snowy雪的 cloudy windy4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方
20、位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝,向east东方eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:six六sixteen十六sixteenth第十六four四forty四十fortieth第四十3)动词后缀 表示“使成为”,“致使”,“做”,“化”,“变成”等,如: -fy glorify(使光荣) simplify,purify, -ize modernize(现代化)realrealize意识到organorganize组织 -en lengthen(延长) strength
21、en,widen -ate hyphenate(加连字符)4)副词后缀表示状态、方式、方向等,如:-wise clockwise(顺时针方向的)-ways crossways(交叉地)-wards southwards(向南) northwards, westwards,-ly hourly(每小时的) daily ,weekly,monthly-s outdoors(在户外),indoors-atim literatim(逐字地)Recognizing prefixes.a-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, as-, at- : to, toward,
22、 near, in addition to aside (adverb): to or toward the side accompany (verb): to go with someone as a companion adjust (verb): to correct, to move closer to a correct position affix (verb): to attach to something, to fasten 使附于, 粘贴aggression (noun): hostile behavior towards someone or something allo
23、cate (verb): to distribute to specific people or for specific purposes associate (verb): to join with attend (verb): to look after, to go to a-, an- : not, without apolitical (adjective): without interest in or association with politics ab-, abs-: away from, off abnormalanti-: against antipathy (nou
24、n): dislike, opposite feeling auto-: self; automatic automotive (adjective): related to self-propelled machinesbi-: two bicentennial 每二百年的biweekly 每周二次的cat-, cata-, cath-: down, with category (noun): a class or set to which a thing belongs catalogue (noun): a book or pamphlet that lists and describe
25、scircum-: around circumstance co-, cog-, col-, com-, con-, cor-: together, with coeducation 男女同校cohesiveness (noun): the ability to stick together collaborate (verb): to work together commingle (verb): 混合connectioncorrelative (adjective): 相关联的contra-: against, opposite contradict (verb): to state th
26、e opposite de-: to do the opposite, to take away from decrease (verb): to grow smaller, to become less di-, dif-: apart, separate, two, opposite, not divide (verb): to separate into two or more parts differ (verb): to be unlike dis-: not, opposite of, exclude distrust (verb): to have no confidence o
27、r trust e-, ex-: out, out of, from emit (verb) to send out expel (verb) to force out ex-: former 以前的,前任的以前的,前任的 ex-president 前任总统en-, em-: put into; cause to beencase (verb): to enclose in a caseendear 使受喜欢empower (verb): to give power, to put into power il-, im-, in-, ir-: not, in illegible (adject
28、ive): cannot be read impostor (noun): someone who poses as someone else inaction (noun): lack of motion, idleirresolute (adjective): uncertain about hot to act, undecided, not having a solutionin-, im-, il-: in, into instead (adverb): in place of, an alternative import (verb): to bring into a countr
29、y from another country inter-: between, among interject (verb): to throw something (usually a comment) between other things intro-: into introspection (noun): to look into ones own thoughts and feelings mal-: bad malfunction (noun): when something does not work properly mis-: wrong misconduct (noun)
30、: wrong doing, bad behavior mono- one monologue (noun): a dramatic performance or speech given by one actor monotonous 单调的multi- many multiply (verb): to increase in number ob-, oc-, of-, op-: toward, against, in the way obtain (verb): to gain or get, to get a hold of occur (verb): to happen, to com
31、e to mind offer (verb): to attempt to give, to propose, to try to hand out oppose (verb): to be against, to stand in the way of something over-: excessive, above overwork (verb): to have too much work overpass 天桥para- beside; abnormal parallel 平行的paradox (noun): a statement that seems true and contr
32、adictory at the same time post- after postpone (verb): to put off, to delay pre- before precede (verb): to go before, to come in front of pro- for, foward prorevolutionary 赞成革命的人propel (verb): to push forward re- back, again readmit (verb): to allow in again retro- backward retrospect (noun) to look
33、 back at past events se- apart, move away from secede (verb): to withdraw from an organization semi- half semiannual (adjective): occurring twice a year super- over, above superimpose (verb): to place something on top of something else syn-, sym- together, at the same time synchronous (adjective): h
34、appening at the same time sympathy (noun): sharing another persons feelings, compassion sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-, sur-, sus under, beneath, near, from below, secretly, above, up submarine (adjective): underwater succeed (verb): to do well, to come after suffice (verb): to be enough support (verb): to
35、hold up, too keep up survive (verb): to live, to live through something, to exist sustain (verb): to keep up, to hold uptrans- across, beyond, change transcontinental 横贯大陆的transform (verb): to change shape tri- three triangle(noun): a three-legged un- not, against, opposite unceasing (adjective): ne
36、ver ending, unbind 解开,释放uni- one uniform (adjective): having the same form or consistency 常见的后缀常见的后缀1. 名词后缀名词后缀 :-er -or -tion-ment -ity -ist-hood -ionwork, educate, develop, visit,satisfy, teach, sail, ability, piano, art, child, brother, act, solute, conclude, move, possible1.名词后缀:名词后缀:-er-or-tion
37、-mentteacher, workervisitor, sailor education, satisfactiondevelopment, movement-ity-ist-hood-ion名词后缀名词后缀 :ability, possibility pianist, artist childhood, brotherhood action, solution, conclusion2.形容词后缀:形容词后缀:-ous-ful-able, -ible-ant, -ent-arydangerous, humoroushelpful, carefulcomfortable,responsibl
38、e important, excellent military, voluntary3. 副词性的词缀:副词性的词缀:-ly-wardsquickly, softly, yearly backwards, forwards.转化法英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1)动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,如:Lets go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。有时意思有一定变化,如:有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如:Lets have a swim.咱们
39、游泳吧。2)名词转化为动词很多表示物件,如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?身体部位,如:Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如:She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。某些抽象名词也可作动词。如:We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如:We will try our best to better our living conditions.
40、我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如:The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。转化法转化法(Conv
41、ersion)tasten. 味道味道v. 尝起来尝起来It has a good taste.It taste very good.record n. 记录记录v. 记录记录He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a book.correctcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblepossibilitywrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstand
42、undergraduategraduategraduationn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Buildingcorrectn.反义反义独立的独立的词根词根adj.残疾的残疾的n.不可能的不可能的n.反义反义n.误解误解词根词根大学生大学生词根词根n.近义近义反义反义Words Buildingcorrectcorrectionincorrectindependentdependdependabledisable disabilityimpossiblepossiblep
43、ossibilityexpressioneducationwrongmistakenmistakemisunderstandunderstandundergroundundergraduategraduategraduationunderwaysubwaysubtitlealwayssidewaysn教育教育 表达表达O独立的独立的rootadj残疾的残疾的n不可能的不可能的OnSSn误解误解root大学生大学生rootn地下的地下的地下通道地下通道地铁地铁副标题副标题总是总是截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephone
44、phone aeroplaneplane2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-operateco-opexaminationexam kilogramkilolaboratorylab taxicabtaxi3)截头去尾influenzaflurefrigeratorfridge prescriptionscript5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast新闻广播television broadcasttelecast电视播送smoke and fogsmog烟雾helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP (读字母音)要人;大人物televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福