1、英语语法基础知识英语语法基础知识 第第 一一 讲讲 词词 句子成分句子成分 句子句子一一. .英语句子的构成英语句子的构成: :词（短语）词（短语）句子成分（从句）句子成分（从句）句子句子段落段落语篇语篇) )二二. .英语词英语词( (短语短语) )的分类的分类A A. .根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的功用根据词的形式、意义及其在句子中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类（将词分为若干类，叫做词类（parts of speechparts of speech）。）。英语的词通常分为十大类：英语的词通常分为十大类：1.名词名词（noun，缩写为，缩写为n.）是人和事物的名称。）是人和事物的名称。2
2、.代词代词（pronoun, 缩写为缩写为pron.）是用来代替名词）是用来代替名词 的词。的词。3.形容词形容词（adjective，缩写为，缩写为adj.）用来修饰名词。）用来修饰名词。4.动词动词（verb，缩写为，缩写为 v.）表示动作和状态）表示动作和状态5.副词副词（adverb, 缩写为缩写为adv.）是修饰动词、形容）是修饰动词、形容 词和副词的词。词和副词的词。6.连词连词（conjunction, 缩写为缩写为conj.）是连接词、）是连接词、 短语、从句和句子的词。短语、从句和句子的词。7.介词介词（preposition, 缩写为缩写为prep.）表示）表示 名词名词（
3、或代词）与句子里其它词的关系。（或代词）与句子里其它词的关系。8.冠词冠词（article, 缩写为缩写为 art.）说明名词所指的人）说明名词所指的人 或物的词。或物的词。9.数词数词（numeral, 缩写为缩写为num.）是表示）是表示“多少多少” 和和“第几第几”的词。的词。10.感叹词感叹词（interjection, 缩写为缩写为int.）表示感情。）表示感情。 如如:oh，aha, well, etc.B. 短语（短语（phrase）具有一定意义，在句子里可以）具有一定意义，在句子里可以 单独作为一个句子成分。单独作为一个句子成分。英语短语主要有：英语短语主要有：不定式短语不定式
4、短语（infinitive phrase） 如：如：He likes to read newspaper after supper.动名词短语动名词短语（gerundial phrase）如：）如：Staying indoors all day is unhealthy.分词短语分词短语（participial phrase）如：）如：I saw many people walking along the lake.The bridge built last year is now being repaired.介词短语介词短语（prepositional phrase）如：）如：He cam
5、e here by bus.1.名词名词(noun)定义：定义：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词，叫做名词。做名词。例如：例如：baby time air Shanghai 名词的分类：名词的分类：英语名词可以分为英语名词可以分为 1）普通名词）普通名词(common noun) 普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念普通名词是某一类人、某一类事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名词。的名词。例如：例如：student water pleasure machine health 2）专有名词）专有名词(proper noun)专有名词是个别的人
6、、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。专有名词是个别的人、团体、地方、机构或事物的名称。其中的实词的第一个字母必须大写。其中的实词的第一个字母必须大写。例如：例如： Lei Feng China Guangzhou the Great Wall Peiying Middle School普通名词可进一步分为：普通名词可进一步分为：1）集体名词）集体名词(collective noun)：集体名词是某一些人或物的总称。集体名词是某一些人或物的总称。例如：例如：class team family army2）物质名词）物质名词(material noun)物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实
7、物。物质名词表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的实物。例如：例如： water air hire steel grain 3）抽象名词）抽象名词(abstract noun)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念。例如：例如： happiness sadness work pleasure 名词又可分为可数名词名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)和不可数名词和不可数名词(uncountable noun)：可数名词可数名词: students computers tomatoes pianos 不可数名词：不可数名词： rain
8、 water pleasure advice注意：注意： glass glasses paper papers tea teas fruit fruits water waters 2.代词代词(pronoun)定义：定义：代词是代替名词的词。代词是代替名词的词。 代词的分类：代词的分类：英语代词可以分为英语代词可以分为 1）人称代词）人称代词 (personal pronoun) 数数 格格人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数 主格主格 宾格宾格 主格主格 宾格第一人称第一人称 第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称 2.代词代词(pronoun)定义：定义：代词是代替名词的词。代词是代替名词的词。
9、 代词的分类：代词的分类：英语代词可以分为英语代词可以分为 1）人称代词）人称代词 (personal pronoun) 数数 格格人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数 主格主格 宾格宾格 主格主格 宾格第一人称第一人称 Imeweus第二人称第二人称 youyouyouyou第三人称第三人称he she ithimherittheythem 2）物主代词）物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词和和名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数第
10、一人称第一人称 第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称 2）物主代词）物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可以分为形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词和和名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 形容词性物主代词形容词性物主代词 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数第一人称第一人称my our第二人称第二人称youryour第三人称第三人称his her itstheir 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称 名词性物主代词名词性物主代词 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数
11、第一人称第一人称mineours第二人称第二人称yoursyours第三人称第三人称his hers itstheirs 3）反身代词）反身代词 表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代词。词。 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称 3）反身代词）反身代词 表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强表示反射（指一个动作回射到该动作执行者本身）或强调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身
12、代调（即用来加强名词或代词的语气）的代词叫做反身代词。词。 数数人称人称 单单 数数 复复 数数第一人称第一人称myself ourselves第二人称第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称第三人称himself herself itselfthemselves 4）不定代词）不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不不是指明代替任何特定名词（或形容词）的代词叫做不定代词。定代词。 some something somebody someoneany anything anybody anyoneno nothing nobody no oneevery ever
13、ything everybody everyoneall both neither either none each other(s) another one much many few a few little a little另外，英语代词还有：另外，英语代词还有： 指示代词指示代词 疑问代词疑问代词 关系代词关系代词 相互代词相互代词 3. 形容词形容词 形容词形容词(adjective) 是修饰名词表示名词属性的词，常放是修饰名词表示名词属性的词，常放在它所修饰的名词之前在它所修饰的名词之前 (形容词修饰不定代词形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing
14、等须后置等须后置)。例如：例如： a lovely baby the beautiful picture modern history something important nothing wrong形容词有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的形容词称为形容词有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的形容词称为原级。形容词的比较级形式是：原级。形容词的比较级形式是：“adj. er” 或或“moreadj.”adj.”。它的最高级形式是。它的最高级形式是：“adj.est” 或或 most adj.” 例如：例如：great greater greatest brave braver bravest hap
15、py happier happiest clever cleverer cleverest difficult more difficult most difficult 注意：注意：1) 闭音节单音节词闭音节单音节词 末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加个辅音字母，再加-er 和和-est. big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest thin thinner thinnest2)不规则变化：不规则变化： good (well) better best bad worse worst many (much) more
16、 most little less least far farther, further farthest, furthest 4. 副词副词 副词副词(adverb) 修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等，说明时修饰动词、形容词和其他副词等，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。间、地点、程度、方式等概念。例如：例如： often quickly firmly early happily how when where why however therefore otherwise副词也有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的副词称为原副词也有比较级和最高级，不用比较等级的副词称为原级。副词的比较级形式和级。副词
17、的比较级形式和最高级形式变化与形容词完全最高级形式变化与形容词完全相同相同 adj.” 例如：例如：hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest quickly more quickly most quickly badly worse worst 5. 数词数词 表示表示“多少多少” 和和“第几第几”的词，叫做数词的词，叫做数词(numeral)。数次可分为基数词和序数词。数次可分为基数词和序数词。 例如：例如： one two three four five nine twelvefirst second th
18、ird fourth fifth ninth twelfth分数和百分数：分数和百分数：1/3 one-third 2/3 two-thirds90% ninety percent 35% thirty-five percent 编号用基数词：编号用基数词：Unit 1 Exercise 5 Room 302 Class 7 Senior one有的也可以用序数词表示：有的也可以用序数词表示：the second floor年、月、日表示法：年、月、日表示法：October 1, 1949 May 18, 1996三三. .英语句子成分英语句子成分英语句子成分有英语句子成分有主语主语(subj
19、ect)、谓语、谓语(predicate)、宾语宾语(object)、表语、表语(predicative)、定语、定语(attribute)和状语和状语(adverbial)、补语、补语(complement)等。等。 （一）主语：（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。句首。但在但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、
20、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（不定式）（不定式）It is necessary to master a foreign language.Smoking does harm to the health. When we ar
21、e going to have an English test has not been decided.There is a super market around the street corner.With the bell ringing, in came our teacher.( (二二) )谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 The sun rises in the east.He practices running every morning.Y
22、ou may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. The delegation is to visit a few western countries.（动名词）（动名词）（主语从句）（主语从句）（三）表语：（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短
23、语、副词及表语从分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。句表示。Our teacher of English is an American.The new expensive bicycle is mine. The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Our teacher was satisfied with my work. Three times seven is twenty one? His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football.
24、The machine must be out of order. Time is up. The class is over. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（形容词）（形容词）（现在分词）（现在分词）（过去分词短语）（过去分词短语）（数词）（数词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（介词短语）（介词短语）（副词）（副词）（表语从句）（表语从句）（四）宾语：（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于 及物动词和介词后面。例如：及物动词和介词后
25、面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）（展览）yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. He pretended not to see me. The old woman didnt know what to do. I enjoy listening to popular music. He is used to working at night. I thi
26、nk（that）he is fit for his office.宾语种类宾语种类：（：（1 1）双宾语）双宾语（间接宾语（间接宾语+ +直接宾语），直接宾语），有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语）复合宾语 They elected him their monitor.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（动名
27、词短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（五）宾语补足语（五）宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补助语，对宾语的动作、直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补助语，对宾语的动作、状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明状态、身份、特征等内容进行补充说明, ,才能使句子的才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式( (短语短语) )、分词分词( (短语短语) )、介词短语和从句充当。例如：、介词短语和从句充当。例如：We elected him our mo
28、nitor. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room. When I came back to my hometown, I found it greatly changed. We found everything in the lab in good order. We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（名词）
29、（形容词）（形容词）（副词）（副词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（现在分词短语）（现在分词短语）（过去分词短语）（过去分词短语） （介词短语）（介词短语）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）（六）定语：（六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示：定语。定语可由以下列词、短语、句子表示： Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers i
30、s our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. He is reading an article about how to learn English.Thank you for the help which you have given me.（形容词）（形容词）（现在（现在/ /过去分词）过去分词）
31、 （名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（动名词）（动名词）（介词短语）（介词短语）定语从句定语从句（七）状语：（七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：表示： Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinati
32、on. He is in the room making a model plane. Given more time, well do much better. Once you begin, you must continue. 状语种类状语种类： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）（条件状语） Mr Sm
33、ith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）（地点状语）（副词）（副词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（不定式短语）（不定式短语）（现在分词短语）（现在分词短语）（过去分词短语）（过去分词短语）（状语从句）（状语从句） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
34、（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）（比较状语）四四. .词类和句子成分的关系词类和句子成分的关系在句子里，一定的词类（短语）可以充当一在句子里，一定的词类（短语）可以充当一定的句定的句子成分；反过来说，一定的句子成分要由一定的词子成分；反过来说，一定的句子成分要由一定的词类（短语）来担任。类（短语）来担任。阅读并划分下列句子成分：阅读并
35、划分下列句子成分：1. The teachers decision made John happy.2. He did the work yesterday, but he did not finish it.3. The dishes taste delicious.4. Work and play are both necessary to health.5. The horse is a useful animal.6. You must remember to tell him all that.7. I finished my homework just now.8. A wood
36、fire was burning on the hearth, and a dog was sleeping in front of it.9. I found a note on my car this morning.10. The stream wound its way across the field.阅读下面短文并指出划线部分的句子成分：阅读下面短文并指出划线部分的句子成分： 1. Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of c
37、onsumer demanding for environment friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. 2. In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in
38、the tropic Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about half a dozen becomes the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that are called hurricane, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of pe
39、ople. 语法填空语法填空: : (2009年广东省高考英语试题）年广东省高考英语试题） 阅读下面短文阅读下面短文, , 按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求的要求, , 在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语在空格处填人一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空的正确形式填空, , 并将答案填写在答题卡标号为并将答案填写在答题卡标号为31314040的相应位置上。的相应位置上。 Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult 31_ was to choo
40、se a suitable Christmas present for her father. She wished that he was as easy 32_ (please) as her mother, who was always delighted with perfume.Besides, shopping at this time of the year was not 33_ pleasant experience: people stepped on your feet or 34_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部肘部), hurryin
41、g ahead to get to a bargain. Jane paused in front of a counter 35_ someit to please a pushed where attractive ties were on display. “They are real silk,” the assistant tried to attract her. “Worth double the price.” But Jane knew from past experience that her 36_ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased
42、 her father. Jane stopped where a small crowd of men had gathered. She found some good quality pipes 37_sale. She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that this was a present which was bound to please 38_. When Jane got home, with her small but
43、well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already 39_ table having supper. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane 39_ (inform).choice on him at was informed 语法填空：语法填空：(2008年广东省高考英语试题）年广东省高考英语试题） Chinese proverbs are rich and they are still widely used
44、in Chinese peoples daily life. 1_ these proverbs there are often interesting stories. For example, the proverb, “plucking up a crop 2_ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty（960-1279）was very anxious to help 3_ rice crop grow up qui
45、ckly. He was thinking about 4_ day and night. But the crop was growing much slower than he expected. One day, he came up with an idea 5_ he would pluck up all his crop a few inches . He did so the next day. Behind/ Into helphisthis/itthat He was very tired 6_ doing this for a whole day, 7_ he felt v
46、ery happy since the crop did “grow”8_ (high). His son heard about this, and went to see the crop. Unfortunately the leaves of the crop began to wither. This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their 9_ (nature) course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often 10_(result) in the con
47、trary to our intention.afterbuthighernaturalresults第二讲第二讲 英语基本句子句型英语基本句子句型英语简单句有五种基本句子结构形式，即：英语简单句有五种基本句子结构形式，即：1 1）主语）主语+ +连系动词连系动词+ +表语表语(S+V+P )(S+V+P )2 2）主语）主语+ +谓（不及物动词）谓（不及物动词）(S+Vi )(S+Vi )3 3）主语）主语+ +谓（及物动词谓（及物动词)+)+宾语宾语 (S+V+O )(S+V+O )4 4）主语）主语+ +谓（及物动词谓（及物动词)+)+间接宾语间接宾语+ +直接宾语直接宾语 (S+V+I
48、O+DO)(S+V+IO+DO)5 5）主语）主语+ +谓（及物动词谓（及物动词)+)+宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语）宾语补足语） (S+V+O+C)(S+V+O+C) 主语主语+ +连系动词连系动词+ +表语表语(S+V+P )(S+V+P )在这类结构中最常用的系动词是在这类结构中最常用的系动词是be, look（看起来），（看起来），sound（听起来），（听起来），smell（闻起来），（闻起来），taste（尝起来），（尝起来），feel（摸起来，感到），（摸起来，感到），seem（似乎，好象），（似乎，好象），appear（显得，好象），（显得，好象），remain（仍是），（仍是），
49、keep（保持），（保持），become（变得，成为）（变得，成为）turn（变得，成为），（变得，成为），get（变得），（变得），go（变得）等表示状态和变化的词。（变得）等表示状态和变化的词。e.g. The weather is very cold. We believe that China will become stronger. Our city is at the crossing of some important railways. He was so worn out that he fell asleep as soon as he went to bed.翻译下列句
50、子：翻译下列句子：1.Mrs. Li是我们的语文老师是我们的语文老师Mrs. Li is our Chinese teacher. 2.秋天树叶变黄了。秋天树叶变黄了。In autumn leaves turn yellow.3.哪辆自行车是我的？哪辆自行车是我的？ Which bike is mine?4.他的职责就是为人民服务。他的职责就是为人民服务。His duty is to serve the people.5.数学老师在办公室里。数学老师在办公室里。The maths teacher is in the office.6.昨天的足球赛真是一场令人激动的比赛。昨天的足球赛真是一场令人
