1、托福强化口语之托福强化口语之 学术讲座学术讲座Valentine More第六题：学术类题目听+答准备时间 20秒 答题时间60秒话题内容关于生命科学、社会科学、自然科学和人文科学（life science,social science,physical science,and the humanities）讲座时间大约为60秒到90秒，问题主要是要求考生使用讲座中的观点和例子来说明其中的主要概念和时间，如 using points and examples from the lecture,explain the main concept or issue of the lecture.第六
2、题类似的问题是：Using points and examples for the lecture,describe the mass migrations of people in the nineteenth century,and explain why these migrations occurred.Using points and examples from the talk,describe the duties of different types of managers in large hotel.Using points and examples of the lect
3、ure,explain how tow features of the earths surface influence climate.Listen to a lecture about an academic subject(2-39)Q:Using points and examples from the lecture,explain what actor must do to make their acting more believable to their audience.Script Now Id like to talk about how to improve your
4、acting,especially since youre going to be putting on a performance soon in which youll need good acting to get a,well,a good grade.So,when youre acting,you need to become that character.Its,uh,imperative for you to think and feel just like that character would.These acts can make your character genu
5、ine and believable.For example,say youre going to play the title role of Shakespeares play Henry VIII.Well,if youre going to be a king,then youll have to act like one.You have to carry yourself like one.You think,no,you know that youre better than the rest of the people on stage Henry was a proud ma
6、n,convinced that his actions were right.You actually need to feel that kind of confidence in order to be a convincing king.If you cant do that,well,than youre not going to be believable.The audience will recognize that,and your performance,and the overall play,will suffer.Let me give you another exa
7、mple.Imagine youre going to play the role of Hamlet from Shakespeares masterpiece.Well,its a complicated role since,remember,Hamlet keeps seeing the ghost of his murdered father,and he is pretending to be insane.So,youve got to feel like Hamlet.How are you going to act?Youve got to appear to be insa
8、ne during some scenes yet appear sane in others.Youve simply got to become Hamlet in this role.Feel what he feels.Think what he thinks.Become him,and youll have mastered the role and become a real actor.Sample Answer:(2-40)The professor provides a couple of examples of how an actor can become more c
9、onvincing to the audience when playing various roles.He uses two different examples from Shakespeare in his lecture.First,he discusses Henry VIII from the play with the same name.He declares that an actor must act completely like a king in order to get that role right.Since Henry was very proud and
10、confident,an actor must convey those same feelings in order to be a convincing king.The next example the professor uses is the role of Hamlet.He mentions that Hamlet is a complicated role since he is seeing ghosts and pretending to be insane.The professor insists that the actor must actually become
11、Hamlet by feeling the things he feels and thinking the thoughts he thinks.Useful Expressions:Expressions that can be used in telling about the subject The professor/lecturer discussed The majority of the lecture was about.The professor looked into The lecturer focused on Expressions that can be used
12、 in telling about the first example He first cites First of all,he covers His first explanation is Expressions that can be used in telling about the second example The second example is about After that,the professor talks about Next,the professor goes on to talk about The second explanation deals w
13、ith Expressions that can be used in telling about relations Another similarity is On the same topic,You can see the relationship between They are related because Another thing to consider is The two are connected by Expressions that can be used in telling details The professor points out that He bri
14、ngs up the point that To be more specific,the professor cites an example as an illustration.Listen to a lecture about an academic subject(2-41)Q:Using points and examples from the lecture,explain the two different literary conventions and how people can use them.Script Before we get started on today
15、s writing assignment,I want to go over a couple of literary conventions I believe youll find to e rather effective in enhancing the overall,uh,quality of your work when writing both short stories and novel.Ironically,these two literary conventions are opposites.Im referring,of course,to exaggeration
16、 and its opposite,understatement.Lets look at exaggeration first.Its something weve all used.Exaggeration is,simply,overstating something.Its saying that something is greater than what it is in reality.Why dont I give you some examples?Have you ever been really hungry?Sure,everyone has.Well,one exag
17、geration would be to say,“Im so hungry I could eat a horse.”Of course,you couldnt really do that,but youre exaggerating to get your point across.You might also say,“That was the greatest play Ive ever seen,”to compliment your actor friend.It probably wasntYoure just,well,overstating.But hell appreci
18、ate the compliment.Now for understatement.Whats that?Well,its merely saying that something is less than what it is in reality.Often,in fact,your understatement may appear to be negative when youre actually praising or complimenting someone.Heres an example.Have you ever tasted something that was qui
19、te delicious,but,when the person asked how it was,you said,“Not bad?”This would typically indicate that the quality is low,but,in this case,youre using understatement,so you really mean,“Its delicious.”Also,after getting an A on a test,you might understate your performance and merely say,“Okay,”when
20、 someone asks how you did.All right,now lets see if we can use them in our writing.Sample Answer:(2-42)Listen to a lecture,and take notes.(2-43)Q:Using points and examples from the lecture explain the two ways in which the acacia can harm other trees and plants in forests which it invades.Script Let
21、s move on to something different.As you are no doubt aware,nature always strives to keep everything in balance.This includes both plants and animals.By keeping a perfect balance,on one species can take over and upset the stability of an environment.However,there are some invasive species that do exa
22、ctly this.The acacia is one such invader.Acacias are a family of trees and shrubs,most of which are native to Australia.However,some of them have found their way to other countries,where they often dramatically upset the balance of nature.How?Well,there are,uh,two separate ways.First is the fact tha
23、t acacias roots are not only strong but are also extensive.So they,well,dig deep into the soil and stretch in all directions.Imagine hundreds of hands stretching in every possible direction.Interesting,huh?What this does is it lets the acacias roots absorb all of the soils nutrients.This,in turn,sta
24、rves the other trees nearby,causing them to die from a lack of nutrients.I can explain the second way acacias harm other species by telling you about the tree called the Australian Blackwood,which is a typical member of the acacia family.It can grow to be almost 150 feet in height.Why,you must ask,i
25、s this important?Well,the leaves of the acacia help to prevent sunlight from ever reaching the ground.This,in turn,causes many smaller plants and trees to die because they dont get exposed to enough sunlight.Unsurprisingly,much effort is currently being put into keeping the acacia out of forests whe
26、re it is not native.Response:Make your response using the organized ideas The professors lecture mentions that_ To begin with_,In fact,_Because of this,_ Listen to a sample response and compare it with yours(2-44)Listen to a lecture,and take notes(2-45)Q:using points and examples from the lecture,ex
27、plain how giving rewards to children can have either a positive or a negative effect.Response:Make your response using the organized ideas The professor says that_-In his first example,_ The second example is about_ This is an example of _ Parents often have to resort to giving reward to their child
28、ren to entice them to do various actions.Weve already discussed the psychological reasoning behind this.However,strangely enough,there are actually a couple o different reactions by children when they are rewarded.It basically depends upon the childs attitude toward the action for which he is being
29、rewarded.The results may actually,huh,surprise you.For example,lets consider a young girl who really hates cleaning her room,Out of all of her chores,thats the one she dislikes the most and often refuses to do.As a result of this,her parents finally tell her that theyll give her a reward like,huh,ma
30、ybe,take her out to her favorite pizza restaurant.The little girl,excited by the prospect of having pizza fro dinner,reacts positively and immediately heads o her room to clean it up.Thats an example of how rewards can work,you know,positively.However,lets imagine another little girl the same age as
31、 the first one.She is learning the piano and,in fact,absolutely adores playing it.Her parents are really excited about her positive attitude,so they decide to reward her by taking her out to her favorite restaurant.Unfortunately,since they only go there after piano practice,the little girl begins to
32、 feel that playing the piano is an obligation and not something fun to do.Over time,she becomes less enamored of playing and eventually quits.In this case,we can clearly see how her being rewarded for something she already enjoyed had a negative effect on her.Listen to a sample response,and compare
33、it with yours(2-46)Listen to a lecture,and take notes.(2-47)Q:Using points and examples from the lecture,explain the two different theories on why the dinosaurs became extinct.Script Okay,so that concludes my lecture on dinosaurs and their natural habitats.Now,lets move to one of Earths greatest mys
34、teries.It is,of course,what caused the dinosaurs to go extinct?After all,these were enormous creatures,much larger than anything living now.They were so strong and lived everywhere.SoWhat made them suddenly die?There are a couple of major theories on dinosaur extinction Let me expand upon them for y
35、ou.The first is that there was a large meteor or asteroid that hit Earth.Some scientists have even,in their opinions,pinpointed the exact places where these celestial objects struck the planet.Anyway,what happened,they say,is that after the strike,lots of dirt and debris were thrown into the atmosph
36、ere.There was so much dust that it actually blocked the sun.This cooled the planet,and,with a lack of sunlight,caused most plant life to die.The herbivorous dinosaurs,unable to eat,first died,and then the carnivorous one followed them down the path to extinction.The second theory is that a super vol
37、cano,that is,one hundreds of times more powerful than the Krakatoa explosion,erupted and filled the atmosphere with carbon dioxide.This caused a rapid onset of the greenhouse effect.So,whey would this kill the dinosaurs,which were essentially giant reptiles and should like hot weather?Well,reptile e
38、ggs are very vulnerable and sensitive to heat.One thing that often happens in extreme heat is that the sex of the unborn reptile changes from female to male.Thus,there was proliferation of males,which couldnt reproduce.Over time,the dinosaurs all quickly died out because of this.Response:Make your r
39、esponse using the organized ideas The professor states that dinosaurs once _The first is that_ The second theory is that_So_ Compare Listen to a sample response,and compare it with yours.(2-48)Listen to a lecture,and take notes.(3-01)Q:Using points and examples form the lecture;explain the two ways
40、in which forest fires can be beneficial to the forests that they burn.Script You all saw the news about that huge forest fire out in the national park,didnt you?Yeah,it looks like hundreds of acres have burned to the ground.Its too bad,isnt it?Actually,its not.No,Im not kidding.Im one hundred percen
41、t serious.Contrary to common belief,fires can actually be very helpful to forests.There are several reasons why,so let me cover a few.First,some trees cannot spread their seeds without heat.Fro example,the pine cones,which are where the seeds are,of some pine trees will simply not open unless they a
42、re subjected to extreme heat.Also,redwoods,you know,those giants in California,spread their seeds after forest fires,too.Some trees actually need fire to enable their seeds to spread.Without the spreading of their seeds,there is no way for these trees to increase in numbers.So one tree may die,but m
43、any more are born from its sacrifice.A second example is that forest fires actually help rejuvenate forests.When they burn trees and bushed to the ground,the fires often get rid of old,weak trees.Also,by burning the trees,the fries are providing the ground with nutrients.What then happens is that,a
44、couple of years later the places which the fire passed through are already full of new,young,strong plant life.Not only that but the diversity of the forest also becomes greater immediately after a fire,as every tree and plant has an equal opportunity to thrive since one species hasnt had enough tim
45、e yet to crowd out the others.Response:Make your response using the organized ideas.The professor claims that_The reason is that_The second example cited is that _Also_Listen to a sample response,and compare it with yours.(3-02)Listen to a lecture,and take notes(3-03)Q:using points and examples from
46、 the lecture,explain how distances recorded on maps and globes are different from distances in reality.Response:Make your response using the organized ideas.The professor tells the class that_ She first discusses _She then tells the class to observe_ Listen to a sample response,and compare it with y
47、ours.(3-04)Script One of the most important aspects of geography is the ability to read a map and then apply that knowledge to a practical purpose.While most people think its rather simple,on the contrary,its not.As an example,think about the distance between two points on a globe or map as compared
48、 to the distance between the same two points in reality.They are,in most cases,quite different.Take a look at this globeLets say that you wanted to go from New York City to London.If I measure the distance with this string here thats the distance,right?But what route do airplanes follow?The straight
49、 one?Not at all.The follow the curvature o the earth,like thisso that they can take a much shorter trip in reality.So,you can see clearly,the straight-line distance between two places on a globe doesnt always equal that in reality.Okay,now lets look at this map at the distance between this point her
50、e and this point overhere.Can everyone see?Good.If I measure the distance according to the maps scale,its about 150 miles as the crow flies.Not too far,right?But,were talking about actual distance.Lets consider the geographical features involved.Heres a big lake.Oops.Cant drive through it.Well,well
