1、Part II.Creativity and ExchangePart II.Creativity and ExchangeUnit 7 The Silk Road4What does The Silk Road refer to?IntroductionIntroduction The Silk Road refers to the The Silk Road refers to the ancient trade ancient trade routeroute connecting Asia Continent and European connecting Asia Continent
2、 and European Continent,usually it can be classified into Continent,usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road Northern Silk Road on the landon the land，Southern Silk Southern Silk RoadRoad on the land and on the land and the Silk Road on the seathe Silk Road on the sea.Introduction The No
3、rthern Silk Road The Northern Silk Road on the land usually on the land usually refers to the routes start from refers to the routes start from ChanganChangan(now(now Xian),Xian),travelling west to Wuweitravelling west to Wuwei,passing,passing though though Hexi Corridor Hexi Corridor to to Dunhuang
4、Dunhuang and go west and go west to to Europe.Europe.IntroductionIntroduction The The Southern Silk Road Southern Silk Road on the land usually refers on the land usually refers to the route starts to the route starts from Sichuan Province and go from Sichuan Province and go south to India and Burma
5、south to India and Burma.This road has also.This road has also played a great role in the war between China and played a great role in the war between China and Japan.Japan.IntroductionIntroduction The Silk Road on the sea The Silk Road on the sea mainly started from mainly started from Guangzhou,Qu
6、anzhou,DengzGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Dengzhou,Yangzhou,and hou,Yangzhou,and Mingzhou portsMingzhou ports,then it,then it goes goes easteast to Korea,Japan to Korea,Japan,southsouth to East-southern to East-southern countriescountries and and westwest to to Europe and AfricaEurope and Africa.The Northern S
7、ilk The Northern Silk Road on the land is Road on the land is the most famous,and the most famous,and We know it very We know it very well.well.BeginningBeginning Its very Its very hard to hard to say exactly when say exactly when the Silk Road the Silk Road started.started.Many Many incoherent smal
8、l incoherent small scale trade routes scale trade routes have existed long have existed long ago.They can be ago.They can be considered as the considered as the earliest Silk Road earliest Silk Road beginning form.beginning form.11Originating from Changan(the present-day Xian),the route traversed Sh
9、anxi Province,the hexi corridor in Gansu province,the Tarim Basin in Xingjing,the Pamir mountain region,Afghanistan,Iran,Iraq and Syria,ending at Mediterranean.THE SILK ROAD Han Dynasty The Silk Road formally started after Zhang Qians visiting as an envoy to Western Region in Western Han Dynasty.He
10、went there twice separately in 138 B.C and 119 B.C.He plays an important role in exploring the Silk Road.13(164BC114BC)An explorer,traveler and diplomat in Han dynasty.14Why sent Zhang Qian?15 The ancient Silk Road in northwest China has a history of more than two thousand years.Originally,the Chine
11、se traded silk internally within the empire.Caravans旅行队from the empires interior would carry silk to the western edges of the region.They were often attacked by the small Central Asian tribes who wanted to capture the traders valuable commodities.Trail Blazer of THE SILK ROAD16 The expansion of the
12、Han empire made the Silk road possible by opening up trade routes.In order to protect these caravans and assure the safety of the trade,the Han Government dispatched General ZhangQian as an envoy to build good relationships with these tribes.Trail Blazer of THE SILK ROADZhang Qian was sent to make a
13、n alliance with the Huns,which was never successful.He did however learn about crops such as grapes,a more powerful horse for combat,and established trade relationships.The father of the Silk RoadZhang Qian-father of Silk Road18THE SILK ROAD Han Dynasty Starting from Changan,todays Xian,which was th
14、e capital of the Western Han Dynasty,Zhang led his team across the vast Western Regions and reached Loulan,Guizi and Yutian states and established trade relations with these small kingdoms.THE SILK ROAD Han Dynasty After Zhang Qian,Ban Chao took on a mission to the Western Region,smoothing the Silk
15、Road that had been blocked by external wars.His assistant Gan Ying reached Daqin(ancient Rome)and even went to Persian Gulf,extended the Silk Road.20THE SILK ROAD Loulan,Guizi and Yutian were three important states in the Western Region at that time.They were all abandoned for uncertain reasons and
16、travelers today can see ruins of these three once flourishing places.21THE SILK ROAD Zhangs officers went even further into the central Asia.All of the kingdoms that Zhang and his team had visited sent their envoys to visit Changan(todays Xian)to express their appreciation for the new relationship a
17、nd show their respect to the Han Government.22THE SILK ROAD From then on,merchants could travel on the silk route safely,and they began to explore this new route in order to carry silk from China to other parts of the world.Silk was a valuable trade good because it was a cloth that was strong,warm,l
18、ight,and soft.It was valuable because at the time only the Chinese knew how to make it.Under Han rule revealing the silk making process was punishable by death.Silk as a trade good24What did the Silk Road function in the past?-Trade route-A bridage that linked Ancient China to the outside world-The
19、Silk Road was one of the reasons the Han dynasty prospered with a network of smaller trade routes that stretched more than four thousand miles.The Roman empire dominated the Mediterranean,but the silk road connected both powerful empires and linked the people of the east and the west for over a thou
20、sand years.The Silk Road When people of other culture learned about silk,it was a highly prized material.The roman wanted silk and it was considered luxury item.The Roman traded glassware and gold something the Chinese really wanted.Rome trades glassware for silkTang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty governm
21、ent The Tang Dynasty government paid more paid more attention to the Silk Roadattention to the Silk Road.Unlike the.Unlike the Silk Road in Han Dynasty,Tang Dynasty Silk Road in Han Dynasty,Tang Dynasty had control over some areas of Western had control over some areas of Western Region and Central
22、Asia along the road,Region and Central Asia along the road,establishing effective and sturdy orders,establishing effective and sturdy orders,which which cleared obstacles for Chinese cleared obstacles for Chinese businessmenbusinessmen.28THE SILK ROAD The famous Chinese Monk Xuanzang in Tang Dynasty
23、 traveled along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty.29THE SILK ROAD The famous Chinese Monk Xuanzang in Tang Dynasty traveled along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty.Xuanzang began his trip from Changan(todays Xian)and passed through the GanSu Corridor,HaMi,TurPan and continued his journey wes
24、tward to India.Xuanzang was surprised by the warm reception he received along his way.30THE SILK ROAD It was commonly believed that people in those states were brutal,wild and uncontrollable.Xuangzangs trip changed the attitude toward the nomadic tribes in the Western Region and this contributed gre
25、atly to the Tang governments friendly relationship with these states.Tang Dynasty After An Shi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty,the empire fell down.By 760 AD,the Tang Government had lost control of the Western Region and the trade on the Silk Road was halted.Yuan Dynasty The silk road on the land revived
26、greatly during Yuan Dynasty period when China became largely dependent on its silk trade.Genghis Khan conquered all the small states,unified China and built a large empire under his rule.33THE SILK ROADYuan Dynasty Trade along the Silk Road reached its zenith during this period.The famous traveler M
27、arco Polo traveled along the Silk Road visiting DaDu that is todays Beijing and wrote his famous book about the orient and introduced China to western countries systematically.34THE SILK ROAD As overland trade became increasingly dangerous,and travel by sea became more popular,trade along the Silk R
28、oad declined.While the Chinese did maintain a silk-fur trade with the Russians north of the original Silk Route.Declination By the end of the fourteenth century,trade and travel along the road had decreased significantly.Gradually it was replaced by the Silk Road on the sea.36THE SILK ROAD The Silk
29、Road was definitely an important path for cultural,commercial and technological exchange between traders,merchants,pilgrim,missionaries even soldiers.During more than 2000 years,the road improved the transfer from nomads to urban dwellers across the Asian continent even the countries bordering upon
30、Mediterranean.Influence The Silk Road greatly promoted the exchanges of economy,technology and culture among the Asian,the European and the African.it made the whole world colorful.The Silk road was not one continuous route,but a series of shorter trade routes so the goods could change many time bef
31、ore reaching the final destination.From Luoyang,the silk road led west along the Gobi Desert to Dunhuang in Northwestern China.Travelers rode a Camel on the eastern silk road.From Dunhuang travelers choose either a northern or southern route across the Takliman desert to Kashgar.Travelers faced many
32、 problems such as bandits often attacking,sandstorms,and lack of water.The Eastern Silk Road Silk was the perfect trading good,because it was light and valuable.Goods had to be easily carried so that merchants could transport more goods on fewer animals.Besides silk,the Chinese also traded fine dish
33、ware,ornaments,jewelry,cast iron products,and decorative boxes.The Chinese received a variety of trades for their goods such as horses,jade,furs,gold,cotton,spices,pearls,and ivory.Goods exchanged along the eastern silk road Kashgar was the central trading point and they traveled Westward.Instead of
34、 carrying goods by camel they carried goods by Yak.The Western Silk road went through mountains,deserts,and then finally reached the Mediterranean ports.The dangers of the Western Silk road were treacherous Mountains know as“Trail of bones.”In the Syrian Desert traders were threatened by tigers,lion
35、s,and scorpions.The Western Silk Road Rome sent a number of products to be exchanged for Chinese silk such as vases,trays,small bottles,asbestos,and gold.Tiberius the emperor of Rome passed a law where it was illegal to wear silk.It was believed that Tiberius though it would make the Romans look sof
36、t and weak,but many believed it was because of the shortage of gold.Goods excahnged along the western silk road The trade between east and west created cultural diffusion.By 500 B.C.E.the West and east had learned to make new products from each other such as glass and silk.With the sharing of cultur
37、es such as India,Buddhism spread throughout china and other surrounding civilizations.Food were also brought throughout the silk road.China imported new food such as grapes,figs,pomegranates,and walnuts.The West imported oranges,peaches,pears,and different flowers such as chrysanthemums.Cultural Exc
38、hanges and the Silk Road43THE SILK ROAD The emergence of the Silk Road vigorously promoted the East-West economic,cultural exchanges,and contributed to the rise of the Han Dynasty.Further more,that route is a key pathway of Intercourse between East and West,either.44 As the road to the west was popu
39、larly known for its trade of silk,which was priced as valuable as gold,that commercial route came to be known as the Silk Road.45.Routes of the Silk RoadGenerally speaking,there were two major routes:one was overland,the other was across the Indian Ocean.46 The sea route of“Silk Road”normally starts
40、 from Guangxi or else port towns on the southeastern coast of China.A fleet extends its voyage through the sea of Japan,the Yellow Sea,South China Sea,the Bay of Bengal（孟加拉湾）,around the Malay Peninsula,off the coast of Burma,and came to Southeast Asia and the India Peninsula.Then,it continues along
41、a route across the Indian Ocean,the Arab Sea,the Persian Gulf(波斯湾),the Red sea and finally arrives at destination ports of Africa or Europe.47Guangxithe sea of Japanthe Bay of Bengalthe India Peninsulathe Persian Gulf48 With the development of seamanship and navigation,particularly after Zhenghe suc
42、cessfully sailed to the West,a sea route to the West took the place of the silk road overland.49 The silk road,which is mentioned today,refers exclusively to the overland route.The reason is simple:sea route mainly exported porcelain(瓷器),then silk,gunpowder,tea,imported species,pepper,cotton and oth
43、er commodities.50 The Silk Road had served for tens of hundreds of years as the main route of business over the continents of Asia,Europe and Africa,an artery of Commodity Flow and cultural exchange that gave immense impetus to the rise of major economies and civilization of the world.It linked such
44、 ancient civilizations as China,India,Greece,Egypt,and Babylonia.In a sense,the Silk Road was no other than a route of culture and civilization.The meaning of the Silk Road51 Silk garments is regarded as characteristic of the aristocratic（贵族的、高贵的）and the genteel（上流社会的）.As an important variety of the cloth world,under the influence of a“green revolution”,the trend of returning to nature,people find silk to be an ideal choice for its health-keeping properties of natural fiber.52Cloth53scarf54Quilt cover55Computer bag56handbag57FanThanks for your attention 59Thank you!
