1、汉英语言对比心理对比 汉英对比的三个层次：a.语音及语法表层上的对比b.语言表现法的对比c.语言心理的对比其中语音及语法表层上的对比是当今需对汉英对比语法著作的所研究的角度。语言表现法则是把注意力放在英汉两种语言的转换的角度上。语言心理上的对比涉及到了哲学的范畴，是一种加深层次的探讨，从文化背景与心理上进行原因的探讨。第一节 理性与悟性中国人“悟性教育”的哲学基础是儒家、道家、佛教孔子：“举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”庄子：“言外之意”禅宗：“顿悟”悟性的表现1、中国传统的绘画中的“留白”“泼墨写意”2、歇后语中的前段与后段 阿斗的江山白送阿斗式的人物没能耐阿二吹笙滥竽充数阿二当郎中没人敢请阿
2、二满街串吊儿郎当阿哥吃面瞎抓阿婆留胡子反常阿庆嫂倒茶滴水不漏；点滴不漏挨鞭子不挨棍子吃软不吃硬挨打的狗去咬鸡拿别人出气 挨打的乌龟缩脖子啦挨刀的鸭子乱窜挨了巴掌赔不是奴颜媚骨挨了棒的狗气急败坏挨了打的鸭子乱窜挨了刀的肥猪不怕开水烫挨了刀的皮球瘪了挨了霜的狗尾巴草蔫了挨着火炉吃海椒（辣椒里外发烧矮梯子上高房搭不上言（檐）3、表达方式上以间接方式为主，比如 死 逝世、寿终、牺牲、驾鹤西游、百年、仙去、咽气、翘辫子、蹬腿、见阎王、上西天。4、送礼的时候强调吉利。特别注意一些谐音的情况 送伞、送钟、四、八、六、英语的哲学背景是亚里士多德的形式逻辑学。强调科学的实验，注重形式的论证。比如在汉英译的过程中
3、，诗歌 送友人 李白Farewell to a Friend Li Bai青山横北郭，白水绕东城。With verdant mountain against the northern city wall aright,In the west,the city is girdled by river white.此地一为别，孤蓬万里征。After this time we part here,You alone go,from me no longer near.浮云游子意，落日故人情。You wander like a sailing cloud,And the sunset evokes m
4、y sadness as if to cry loud.挥手自兹去，萧萧班马鸣。As you wave a hand and vanishes your face,My heart is broken for still hearing your horses sad voice!第二节 主体意识与客体意识主体意识是指以“人”为出发点。客体意识是保持物我之间的距离这两种意识的差异性，表现在语言上1、以人称为主的语言与物称为主的语言。2、以主动句为主的语言与以被动句为主的语言Foreign Language School,JGSU Questions:How are such Chinese s
5、entences said in English?Foreign Language School,JGSU 我花了一年的时间才学会在五分钟内画好一匹马。It takes me a year to learn to draw a horse in five minutes.我从来没有想过她居然是个骗子。It never occurred to me that shes a liarEnglish Impersonal Tendency C:(人)怎么了？Focus:MAN E:What happened（to you）?Focus:WHAT English focuses on the exis
6、tence as it is.Chinese tend to look everything with men perspectiveForeign Language School,JGSU English Expressed in Impersonal wayFormal written language often goes with an impersonal style,i.e.,one in which the speaker doesnt refer directly to himself or his readers,but avoids the pronouns I,you,w
7、e.Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives,sentences beginning with introductory it,and abstract nouns.正式的书面语经常是伴随着非人称文体的。通常物称文体中，作者不会直接提及自己或向读者说话，避免使用我、你、我们等代词。物称语言的共同点是具有被动意味，句子经常以先行词it 和抽象名词开头REGULAR ENGLISH COLLOCATIONS IMPERSONAL SUBJECTANIMATE VERBOTHER PARTSMy luckbring
8、s youto me.The year 2008sees an eventful China.The resultsays that he is injured.The thick carpetkilled the sound of my footstepsForeign Language School,JGSU Foreign Language School,JGSU TYPES OF INPERSONAL SUBJECTSvNouns that has no concrete are called abstract nouns.Or we can say they are what we
9、can experience beyond the sense of sight,touch,hearing,taste or smell.For example:v sight(眼光），love(爱）,truth(真理），development(发展），economy(经济）ABSTRACT NOUNS vAnimate verbs(有灵动词）are those used for description of the acts,activities and states of human or social groups,such as vsee find bring give escape
10、 surround kill deprived Seize tell experience Witness undergo invite know show ANIMATE VERBS Foreign Language School,JGSU Foreground of central ideas v（中心信息突出，最重要的部分可以放在句首）v vFacilitation of simple structure v（使句子结构简单）v vFreedom in selection of subjects v（根据需要灵活选择主语）v vBenefit in end weight and emph
11、asis v（有利于尾重原则和强调）ADVANTAGES OF IMPERSONAL SUBJECT v 人要是太骄傲了，就不太容易进步。A man who is too arrogant will be difficult to make progress.Too much Too much arrogancearrogance keeps one from progress.他疼得缓不过劲来.vHeHe was so ached that he was almost exhausted.vHis pain almost exhausted him.FOREGROUND OF CENTRAL
12、 IDEAS FACILIATION OF SIMPLER STRUCUTRE Foreign Language School,JGSU 一看见那个孤儿，我总想起他的父母。Every time I see the orphan I think of his parents.The sight of the orphan always reminds me of his parents.人要是太骄傲了，就不太容易进步。A man who is too arrogant will be difficulty to make progress.Too much arrogance keeps one
13、 from progress.v民族地区(1)的经济社会(2)不断发展(3)。民族地区(1)vThe minority national regions have experienced constant social and economic developments.民族地区的经济社会(2)vThe society and economy of minority national regions have undergone constant development.经济社会不断发展(3)v Constant social and economic developments have be
14、en taking place in minority national regions.FREEDOM IN SELECTION OF SUBJECTS Foreign Language School,JGSU It is a great honor for me to have this opportunity to attend the party.我很荣幸有机会参加这个聚会。The fact brings us great courage that our enemy who had claimed to defeat us in three months could not move
15、 one step forward.敌人吹嘘可以在三个月打败我们，如今却没能前进一步，这一事实给了我们巨大的勇气。v BENEFIT IN END WEIGHT BENEFIT IN END WEIGHT AND EMPHASIS http:/ rights reserved oceanlim,JGSU.Foreign Language School,JGSU Foreign Language School,JGSU 我们（1）昨天（2）在学校（3）碰巧（4）遇到了王教授（5）。We met professor Wang by chance in the school yesterday.It
16、 is we thatIt is we that met professor Wang by chance in the school yesterday.It is yesterday thatIt is yesterday that we met professor Wang by chance in the school.It is in the school thatIt is in the school that we met professor Wang by chance yesterday.It is by chance thatIt is by chance that we
17、met professor Wang in the school yesterday.It is professor Wang thatIt is professor Wang that we met by chance in the school yesterday启示：在汉译英时，要尽量避免太多从主体出发的词语，如：我，你，他，你们等。要尽量选择抽象的名词、it、there等开头。例如：1、我们必须每天做一些运动 Its necessary for us to have some exercise every day.2、他取得了完全的胜利。His triumph was complete
18、.在英译汉时，遇到英语中以物为主语的动作句要进行相应的转化，从指人的词为开头。例如：Astonishment,apprehension,and even horror oppressed her她感到心情抑郁，甚至惊恐不安。An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一个主意。Not a sound reached our ears.我们什么也没听到Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万状。The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯
19、上，一点脚步声也没有。主动与被动 Questions How to express the ideas idiomatically in English?1、我想要的只是爱别人，别人也爱我 What I want is to love and to be loved?2、在单位，他教的手下，在家里，老婆教育他 In the office he gives lesson to his man,while at home he is given to by his wife.英语常用被动句的原因：一、行事从上下文中不言自明或未知而难以言明或需强调受事或不便指明。Unnecessary:During
20、 Bills visit to his uncles family,he was given a birthday party.比尔去叔叔家玩的时候，叔叔一家给他开了个生日舞会。Agent:bills uncles family,unnecessary to tell.Unimportant He was shown over the Changjiang Bridge.有人带他参观了长江大桥。Unsuitable:Something must be done.得想想办法二、为了使句子前后连贯或保持平衡。1、Some kinds of plastics can be forced throug
21、h machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called“fibres”and these fibres can be made into cloth.有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维，这种纤维可用来织布。2、I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。三、出于修辞考虑，避免句型单调。四、文体的需要 比较正式的文体，比如法律文件等比较喜欢用被动式，强调客观性。如果合同不能履行，则双方均不得向对方索赔 In case if t
22、he contract be failed,neither party shall claim compensation over the other.汉语中较少的被动结构的原因1、汉语传统上认为被字结构属于不幸的结构，如果可以选主动也可选被动，主动占大多数。被+动词 例如：让、给、叫、挨、遭、受、蒙等。2、汉语中也有意义的被动句 受事+动词 The dinner is cooked well 饭做得很好3、汉语中有大量的无主句或主语省略句 两天后，达成了一项协议 An agreement was arrived at two days later.不能这么嘲笑史密斯先生 Mr.Smith c
23、annot be laughed at like that.4、汉语中的泛指主语多。The fact is well known that dog will never be a cat 众所周知，狗是永远成不了猫的。It must be admitted that nothing is of ultimate correctness 大家必须承认没有什么是绝对正确的。5、汉语中有一些其他的形式来表达被动的含义 1）把字句 你把她吓哭了。She was scared by you.2）为、所、的结构 We are deeply moved by her love to her country.
24、我们深深为其爱国热情所感动。3）加以、/予以、/遭到、The town was visited by a storm.小镇遭到风暴的袭击。4）、的是、这些产品是我国制造的 Those products are made in China.第三节 整体思维与个体思维1、用词语为事物命名的整体观照.金星、木星、水星、火星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星Venus,Jupiter,Mercury,Mars,Saturn,Uranus,Neptune,Pluto2.整体性重复的句子安排 镇子坐落在一个峡谷里，东面是山，西面是山，南面是山，北面也是山。The small town lies in a va
25、lley surrounded with mountains.这年头什么都要送礼，生要送礼，老要送礼，病要送礼，死要送礼。Nowadays youll have to send presents on almost every occasionPresents for childbirth,on the birthday of the aged,to show your care when somebody is ill or some help to make arrangement for somebodys funeral.我建议我们分头干：我来做菜，做饭，洗碗；你去取车，洗车，擦车；或
26、者你来做菜，做饭，洗碗；我去取车，洗车，擦车。I suggest we divide up our job:one of us does the cooking and wash-up and the other to fetch the bike,wash and grease it.第四节第四节 英语爱用静态词，汉语常用动态词英语爱用静态词，汉语常用动态词 英语喜欢使用静态词汇，而汉语则多使用动态词汇，英译汉时常常把原文中表示动作意义的静态叙述转换成汉语的动态叙述。表示人或事物的动作、行为、发展、变化的词叫做动词(verb)。英汉对动词的概括意义是一样的。动词是最复杂的一种词类，也是最活跃
27、的一种词类。英语的动词又比汉语的动词复杂。本节重点放在分析英汉动词的主要差别。(一)现代汉语以动词占优势，也就是说，在现代汉语中，一个句子不限于只用一个动词，可以连续使用几个动词，即所谓“动词连用”。动词连用是现代汉语句法显著特征之一。英语每个句子中只能使用一个定式动词(finite verb)，唯一例外型式是并列句动词谓语。所以汉语动词翻成英语时，有时只需要用一个动词，其他动词被转换成英语的名词、介词、非谓语动词或其他词类。v我忘了带钥匙。v I forgot my keyv 我倒了一杯茶给他喝。vI offered him a cup of teav他拿着枪，绕着屋子巡走。vHe walk
28、ed around the house with a gunv他跳起来，连忙跑到浴室的镜子前，拿掉了毛巾，细看他面颊上的伤口。vHe jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom，taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek.大量的动词涌现在汉语句中，会不会引起动词臃肿和混乱呢?答案是不会。因为汉语动词没有曲折的形态变化，形态十分稳定，使用时不受形态上的限制，比较方便。此外，每个动词都代表着一个动作。在一个具体情况下，都有动作发生的所在时间，因此几个动作的发生，必定有先
29、有后，或同时。v试看药中的一段。v 华大妈在枕头底掏了半天，掏出一包洋钱，交给老栓，老栓接了抖抖的装入衣袋，又在外面按了两下，便点上灯笼，吹熄灯盏，走向屋里去了。vThe doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.v医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。v医生的迅速到达和非常仔细的检查使他很快就恢复了健康。静态与动态vHe is a good eater and a good
30、 sleeper.v他能吃又能睡。vThe computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.v计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。vA用介词来充当v 他迫使对方处于守势。v He drove his opponent into a defensive position.v 我发现他在伏案工作。v I found him at his deskv 他们组织工人加入了工会。v They have organized the workers into trade unions.v B由形容词来充当 v
31、他证明自己值得信赖。v He proved himself worthy of confidencev 我们必须使教室保持整洁。v We must keep the classroom clean and tidy v 什么事使你这样激动?v What made you so excited?vC由副词来充当v 让他进来。v Let him inv 一位男士驾车送我们回家。v A gentleman drove us homevD由分词来充当v 他忽然听见有人轻轻扣窗子。v Suddenly he heard someone knocking lightly on the window.v 对
32、不起，让你久等了。v Im sorry to have kept you waitingvE由名词来充当v 他们任命这位姑娘为公司的副董事。v They nominated the girl vice-director 0f the companyv 他们推他为领袖。v They made him their leadervF其他：v 我知道他很诚实。v I know him to be honestv 老师教育我成人。v The teacher has made me what I am today 从上面几节中所述，我们知道，汉语倾向于多用动词，英语倾向于多用名词和介词。认识英汉不同词类优
33、势或用词倾向，这对于提高译文质量很有益处。可以使译文更加通顺，确切。英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言v我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我.vI fell madly in love with her,and she with me.(英语可省略后半句的动词,汉语却不可.)v他来回晃着脑袋,欲望在膨胀,意志在萎缩.vBack and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.(英语用独立结构,汉语则用动词.)v我担心你误解了我.vI am afraid of you misunderstanding me.(英语用动名词复合结
34、构)英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言v这将证实其使用是十分普遍的.vThat would be the confirmation that it was in general use.(confirm同根名词)v除上述同源词外,还有众多的词可用来表示动作意义.如:glance,glimpse,look,mention,close等;形容词able,afraid,angry,anxious,aware,capable,good等.在特定的语言环境中,这些词都宜译作相应的动词.如:v一看见他,我就紧张.vThe very sight of him makes me nervous.v对此我深信不疑.vIm sure of it.
