1、专题四专题四 说明文型完形填空说明文型完形填空 专题导读专题导读专题四专题四 专题导读专题导读 说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明,通说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明,通常结构严谨、句子结构复杂,因此也是高考完形填空中较难常结构严谨、句子结构复杂,因此也是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类:一是实体事例说明文说明文一般有三类:一是实体事例说明文(实体事物是实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产
2、品)。包括说明书、。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。二是事广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。二是事理理(事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等)说明文。说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。三是文艺性说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。专题四专题四 专题导读专题导读说明文完形填空的具体特点:说明文完形填空的具体特点:(1)开头点题。做说明文型完形填空开头点题。做说明文型完形填空时,要明确说明的
3、对象是什么,是具体实物还是理论性概念。因时,要明确说明的对象是什么,是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明文型此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明文型完形填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。完形填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。(2)结结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序指先后顺序),空间顺序,空间顺序(从局部到整体,从上从局部到整体,从上到下,从内到外到下,从内到外),逻辑顺序,逻辑顺序(
4、前因后果,先果后因,先主后次前因后果,先果后因,先主后次);认识顺序认识顺序(由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰,整体性强,所以,递进性词汇说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰,整体性强,所以,递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白,写作脉络清和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白,写作脉络清晰,又没有很多感情因素的掺入,所以就不会有过多的情感词汇,晰,又没有很多感情因素的掺入,所以就不会有过多的情感词汇,自然不会有钻不出的自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫迷宫”。据此特点,我们便可以跟着。据此特点,
5、我们便可以跟着“作作者者”走,理清整篇文章的思路,从而顺利答题。走,理清整篇文章的思路,从而顺利答题。真题典例真题典例专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 2010上海卷上海卷 The first attempt of even the most talented artists,musicians,and writers is seldom a masterpiece.If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals(彩排彩排),or tryouts,revising will seem a natural part of the writing _1
6、_.What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the outoftown previews that many Broadway shows go through?The answer is adding,deleting,replacing,reordering,_2_ revising.Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984,he had in mi
7、nd a funny,exciting production.However,when Phantom专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例opened in London in 1986,the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music.The musical had _3_several revisions due,in part,to problems with costuming and makeup(戏服和化妆戏服和化妆).For instance,Lloyd Webber _4_ some of the musi
8、c because the Phantoms makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.When you revise,you change aspects of your work in _5_ to your evolving purpose,or to include _6_ ideas or newly discovered information.Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the en
9、d of an assignment._7_,it is a major stage of the writing process,and writers revise every step of the way.Even your decision to _8_ topics专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例while prewriting is a type of revising.However,dont make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows _9_.Always make time to become yo
10、ur own _10_and view your dress rehearsal,so to speak.Reviewing your work in this way can give you _11_ new ideas.Revising involves _12_ the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writing,making your purpose more clearly,and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present.W
11、hen you revise,ask yourself the following questions,keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing:Is my main idea or purpose _13_ throughout my draft?Do I ever lose专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例sight of my purpose?Have I given my readers all of the _14_ that is,facts,opinions,inferencesthat they need in or
12、der to understand my main idea?Finally,have I included too many _15_ details that may confuse readers?()1.A.techniqueBstyle Cprocess Dcareer()2.A.in particular Bas a result Cfor example Din other words()3.A.undergone Bskipped Crejected Dreplaced()4.A.rewrote Breleased Crecorded Dreserved()5.A.additi
13、on Bresponse Copposition Dcontrast()6.A.fixed Bambitious Cfamiliar Dfresh专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例()7.A.However BMoreover CInstead DTherefore()8.A.discuss Bswitch Cexhaust Dcover()9.A.drafting Brearranging Cperforming Dtraining()10.A.director Bmaster Caudience Dvisitor()11.A.personal Bvaluable Cbasic Ddelicat
14、e()12.A.mixing Bweakening Cmaintaining Dassessing()13.A.amazing Bbright Cunique Dclear()14.A.angles Bevidence Cinformation Dhints()15.A.unnecessary Buninteresting Cconcrete Dfinal专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 【解析解析】修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必需的步骤。修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必需的步骤。文章讲述了作品修改的目的和途径。文章讲述了作品修改的目的和途径。1C参照下文的参照下文的“Andrew Lloyd
15、 Webbers musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”和和“However,dont make the mistake of skipping the revision stage”。technique意为意为“技术技术”;style意为意为“风风格格”;career意为意为“事业,生涯事业,生涯”,都不符合题意。,都不符合题意。2D前面前面adding,deleting,replacing,reordering都是都是revising的方面,的方面,in other words意为意为“换句话说换句话说”,符合题,符合
16、题意。意。in particular意为意为“尤其,特别尤其,特别”,表强调;,表强调;as a result意为意为“因此因此”,表结果;,表结果;for example意为意为“例如例如”,表举例,表举例说明;都不符题意。说明;都不符题意。专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 3A人们观看的是完美的表演,但表演之前作品经历了人们观看的是完美的表演,但表演之前作品经历了(undergo)多次修改,与上文的多次修改,与上文的“Andrew Lloyd Webbers musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.”对应。对应。skip(跳
17、远跳远)、reject(拒绝,抵制拒绝,抵制)、replace(取代取代)都不符合都不符合题意。题意。4A动词动词release(释放,赦免,发行释放,赦免,发行),record(记录,录记录,录音音),reserve(保留,预订保留,预订)都不符合题意。动词都不符合题意。动词rewrite表示表示“重写,重写,修改修改”,与动词,与动词revise同义,与本篇话题相关。同义,与本篇话题相关。5B介词短语介词短语in addition to表示表示“而且,除而且,除之外还之外还有有”;in opposition to表示表示“与与的意见相反的意见相反”;in contrast to表示表示“与
18、与形成对比形成对比”,都与本题不符。,都与本题不符。in response to(作作为对为对的反应的反应)在本句表示在本句表示“你修改作品是对你想改进作品的一你修改作品是对你想改进作品的一种回应种回应”。专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 6Dfresh ideas 与后面的与后面的newly discovered information对应。对应。7C副词副词moreover(而且而且)类似于类似于but also,表递进含,表递进含义;副词义;副词however然而,表转折关系;然而,表转折关系;instead作为作为“替代,替代,反而反而”,表相反含义;,表相反含义;therefore因此
19、,表原因。由语境可知因此,表原因。由语境可知选选C。8Bswitch topics(变换标题变换标题)属于修改作品的一部分。属于修改作品的一部分。动词动词discuss(讨论讨论)、exhaust(使筋疲力尽使筋疲力尽)、cover(覆盖,包覆盖,包含含)都不符题意。都不符题意。9Arearranging(重新安排重新安排)、performing(表演表演)、training(培训培训)都与题意不符。由上文可知选都与题意不符。由上文可知选drafting,意为,意为“起草,草案起草,草案”。专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 10C名词名词audience(观众观众)与下句与下句view your
20、 dress rehearsal对应。名词对应。名词director(导演导演)、master(主人,大师主人,大师)、visitor(来访者来访者)都与题意不符。都与题意不符。11B形容词形容词valuable表示表示“做自己作品的观众能给你做自己作品的观众能给你有价值的新信息有价值的新信息”。形容词。形容词personal(个人的个人的)、basic(基本的基本的)、delicate(娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的)都与题意不符。都与题意不符。12D句意表示句意表示“修改包括评价作品所有方面的有效性修改包括评价作品所有方面的有效性和适当性和适当性”。故选。故选D。13D形容词
21、形容词clear在本句表示在本句表示“我的文章大意或写作我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰意图是否清晰”,与下文,与下文confuse readers对应。形容词对应。形容词amazing(令人惊讶的令人惊讶的)、bright(明亮的,聪明的明亮的,聪明的)、unique(独独特的特的)都与题意不符。都与题意不符。专题四专题四 真题典例真题典例 14Cfacts,opinions,inferences都属于都属于information,故选,故选C。15Aunnecessary details表示表示“不必要的信息不必要的信息”,句意表示不必要的信息反而使读者困惑、误导读者。形容词句意表示不必要的
22、信息反而使读者困惑、误导读者。形容词uninteresting(单调的,乏味的单调的,乏味的)、concrete(具体的具体的)、final(最最终的,决定性的终的,决定性的)都与题意不符。都与题意不符。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测(一一)People do not analyse every problem they meet.They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people.Other times they begin to act without _1_;they try to find a solution by tria
23、l and error.However,when all of these methods _2_,the person with a problem has to start analysing.There are six _3_ in analysing a problem.First,the person must recognize that there is a problem.For example,Sams bicycle is broken.Sam must _4_ that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the person
24、 must _5_ the problem.Before Sam can repair新题预测新题预测专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测his bicycle,he must know why it does not work.He must _6_ the parts that are wrong.Now the person must look for _7_ that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions.Suppose Sam _8_ that his bike does not work because
25、there is something wrong with the brakes._9_,he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about brakes or talk to his friends at the bike shop.After _10_ the problem,the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution,which might be:tighten or loosen the brakes;buy new brakes and c
26、hange the old ones.专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测In the end,one _11_ seems to be the solution to the problem.Sometimes the final idea comes quite _12_ because the thinker suddenly sees something in a _13_ way.Sam suddenly sees there is a piece of chewing gum stuck to a brake.He immediately hits on the solution to
27、his problem:he must _14_ the brake.Finally the solution is _15_.Sam does it and finds his bicycle works perfectly.In short he has solved the problem.专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测()1.A.practice Bthinking Cunderstanding Dhelp()2.A.fail Bwork Cchange Ddevelop()3.A.ways Bconditions Cstages Dorders()4.A.explain Bprove
28、 Cshow Dsee()5.A.judge Bfind Cdescribe Dface()6.A.check Bdetermine Ccorrect Drecover()7.A.answers Bskills Cexplanation Dinformation()8.A.hopes Bargues Cdecides Dsuggests()9.A.In other words BOnce in a while CFirst of all DAt this time()10.A.discussing Bsettling down Ccomparing with Dstudying专题四专题四 新
29、题预测新题预测()11.A.suggestion Bconclusion Cdecision Ddiscovery()12.A.unexpectedly Blate Cclearly Doften()13.A.simple Bdifferent Cquick Dsudden()14.A.clean Bseparate Cloosen Dremove()15.A.recorded Bcompleted Ctested Daccepted专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测【解析】【解析】本文是一篇说明文,通过举例说明了解决问题本文是一篇说明文,通过举例说明了解决问题的六大步骤。文章浅显易懂,逻辑性强。
30、的六大步骤。文章浅显易懂,逻辑性强。1Bwithout thinking意为意为“不假思索不假思索”。2A从上下句的关系看,它们是转折关系。当这些方从上下句的关系看,它们是转折关系。当这些方法都失败后人们就会开始分析。法都失败后人们就会开始分析。3C此处此处stage的意思是的意思是“步骤步骤”。分析问题有六个步。分析问题有六个步骤。骤。4D此处此处see在这句话中意为在这句话中意为“明白明白”。当。当Sam的自行的自行车不能正常使用时,他应该明白自行车出了毛病。车不能正常使用时,他应该明白自行车出了毛病。5B要解决问题,当然要找到问题所在。要解决问题,当然要找到问题所在。6Bdetermin
31、e意为意为“测定,找出测定,找出”,与,与find out意思意思相同。相同。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测 7D根据下文根据下文Sam所做的事情可知,要了解问题的相所做的事情可知,要了解问题的相关信息才能修理,所以选关信息才能修理,所以选information。8C结合逻辑在修自行车之前,要先结合逻辑在修自行车之前,要先“确定确定”是自行是自行车的哪个部件出了问题。车的哪个部件出了问题。9D当当Sam的自行车闸出了问题之后,这时他就可以的自行车闸出了问题之后,这时他就可以进一步采取措施了。进一步采取措施了。at this time意为意为“这时这时”;in other words意为意为“换
32、句话说换句话说”;once in a while意为意为“偶尔偶尔”;first of all意为意为“首先首先”。由句意及上下文可知选。由句意及上下文可知选D。10D研究了问题后研究了问题后(人们人们)就可能提出一些解决建议。就可能提出一些解决建议。此处此处study不仅有不仅有“学习学习”的意思,还有的意思,还有“研究研究”的意思。的意思。11A其中一个建议会解决问题。根据上文可知选其中一个建议会解决问题。根据上文可知选A。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测 12A由下文由下文suddenly可知。可知。13B因为想解决问题的人突然发现了一些东西,直因为想解决问题的人突然发现了一些东西,直接就
33、找到了症结所在,而这种方法与上文所述是不同的。接就找到了症结所在,而这种方法与上文所述是不同的。14A去掉口香糖的方法是清理车闸。去掉口香糖的方法是清理车闸。15C只有经过检验,才能证明解决问题的方法的正只有经过检验,才能证明解决问题的方法的正确性。确性。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测(二二)Have you read the book The Wolf Totem by a famous writer Jiang Rong,which tells the story of the relationship between wolves and human beings?Have you ev
34、er _1_the wolves world?If you had,you would admire the wolves.In the book,wolves are heroes on the large grassland.They know more about _2_than humans.They can attack lambs without disturbing their mothers.They also know how to_3_full use of the shape of land to trap sheep.I believe that if wolves w
35、ere humans,they would be_4_ experts good at fighting.专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测The wolf is a kind of special creature that can deeply understand_5_.Each wolf serves its group with its heart and soul.A _6_ wolf has little power,but a pack of wolves fear nothing.All the wolves obey the rules._7_ they are defeate
36、d,they run away together.The wolves also have great selfrespect and wont_8_ to anyone.The writer,who wrote the book The Wolf Totem,_9_stole a onemonthold baby wolf and raised it very carefully.To his _10_,he found the little专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测wolf still wanted to go back with the other wolves.He bit thr
37、ough the iron chain that limited him.The wolf was_11_ and he never gave in,fighting _12_ his death.The little wolf died as a glorious fighter.I was shocked by this kind of _13_:wolves are one of the most respected creatures on earth.I want everyone to look at wolves in a _14_ way.They are our teache
38、rs.They show us how to survive and _15_ in this not simple and dangerous world.Please honor the wolves;please honor all these heroes of nature!专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测()1.A.thought about Bwalked into Ctalked about Dcared for()2.A.space Bspot Cfood Dsurvival()3.A.get Btake Chave Dmake()4.A.special Bimaginativ
39、e Coutstanding Dcreative()5.A.operation Bteamwork Clifestyle Dcontrol()6.A.single Bbrave Clonely Dfair()7.A.As for BAs though CEven so DEven if()8.A.turn in Bgive in Ctake in Dbreak in专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测()9.A.once Bjust Csoon Donly()10.A.satisfaction Bdisappointment Cpleasure Dsorrow()11.A.proud Bsatisf
40、ied Cwilling Deager()12.A.until Balthough Cbefore Dunless()13.A.selflessness Bselfconfidence Cselfrespect Dselfprotection()14.A.curious Bdifferent Cstrange Dhumorous()15.A.walk Bhand Cget Dsucceed专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测【解析【解析】1A由后文可得知,作者全篇介绍狼,这里由后文可得知,作者全篇介绍狼,这里开篇点题:你是否对狼的世界进行过思考?再看选项,符合文开篇点题:你是否对狼的世界进行过思考?
41、再看选项,符合文意的只有意的只有A项。项。2D从后文介绍的狼的种种捕食本领以及最后一段中的从后文介绍的狼的种种捕食本领以及最后一段中的survive可以得知,狼比人类更懂得求生,所以答案选可以得知,狼比人类更懂得求生,所以答案选D项。项。3D根据句意根据句意“懂得怎样充分利用地形懂得怎样充分利用地形”可知用固定搭可知用固定搭配配make use of。4C从狼捕食的艺术来看,狼如果是人,会是更从狼捕食的艺术来看,狼如果是人,会是更“杰出杰出的的”善战能手,故选善战能手,故选C项。项。5B从下文可知从下文可知“狼是富有团队精神的狼是富有团队精神的”,故选,故选B项。项。6A文意是指文意是指“一只
42、狼的力量是微弱的一只狼的力量是微弱的”,其他选项不,其他选项不合文意,故选合文意,故选A项。项。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测 7D文意表示文意表示“溃败时一起逃跑溃败时一起逃跑”,“溃败溃败”与与“群逃群逃”应是让步关系,故选应是让步关系,故选D项。项。8B由下文由下文“小狼的拼死抗争小狼的拼死抗争”可知狼不会向任何人可知狼不会向任何人“屈服屈服”,故选,故选B项。项。9A对过去事情的叙述,表示对过去事情的叙述,表示“曾经曾经”,故选,故选A项。项。10B由前句由前句“细心养护细心养护”与后句与后句“小狼仍想回到狼群中小狼仍想回到狼群中去去”,可知作者应是,可知作者应是“失望的失望的”,故选
43、,故选B项。项。11A由后文由后文“never gave in”得知,狼是得知,狼是“骄傲的骄傲的”,故选故选A项。项。12A由文意由文意“抗争至死抗争至死”,可知应选,可知应选A项。项。专题四专题四 新题预测新题预测 13C由下文的由下文的respected可以知道,该空应填可以知道,该空应填selfrespect,故选,故选C项。项。14B从全文可知作者是赞扬狼的,由常识可以知道人从全文可知作者是赞扬狼的,由常识可以知道人们厌恶、害怕狼,而这里作者希望人们能用不同的方法去看待们厌恶、害怕狼,而这里作者希望人们能用不同的方法去看待狼,故选狼,故选B项。项。15D由文意由文意“它们懂得如何求生,能在这个不简单的它们懂得如何求生,能在这个不简单的危险世界里成功生存危险世界里成功生存”可知选可知选D项。项。