1、生物资源评估 研究海洋生物,主要是经济种类即渔业生物种群动态、数量变动的一门学科。生物资源评估(fish stock assessment)捕捞渔业产量呈现下降趋势Year海洋捕捞渔业产量FAO 报告“The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture”,2014全球海洋渔业产量重新估计:small-scale fisheriesillegal fisheriesdiscarded bycatch.前置课程 鱼类学 渔业资源生物学(渔场学)渔具渔法 生物统计教材及参考书目q渔业资源评估渔业资源评估,詹秉义编著詹秉义编著,中国农业出版社,中国农业出版社,19
2、951995qHilborn,R.and C.J.Walters.Quantitative fisheries stock assessment.Chapman and Hall.1992.q渔业资源学,邓景耀、叶昌臣著,重庆出版社,2001.q海洋渔业生物学,邓景耀、赵传絪、唐启升等,农业出版社,1991.q水产资源学,费鸿年、张诗全著,中国科技出版社,1990.q渔业生物数学资源评估与管理,叶昌臣,黄斌等,农业出版社,1990.q水产资源学,能势幸雄、石井丈夫、清水诚著,东京大学出版社,1992.q水产资源管理概论,松宫义晴著,日本水产资源保护协会,1996.qGulland,J.A.19
3、83.Fish stock assessment:A manual of basic methods.John Wiley&Sons,New York.qCadima,E.L.2003.Fish Stock Assessment Manual.FAO FISHERIES TECHNICAL PAPER 393.http:/www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/X8498E/X8498E00.HTM考核形式:考勤:10%作业:10%期中考试:10%主题演讲:20%期末考试:50%了解渔业资源数量变动的原因和规律,特别要理解人为捕捞对渔业资源和渔获量所产生的影响;掌握鱼类生长和死亡参数的估
4、算方法,理解捕捞努力量的概念及其标准化的基本方法;掌握渔业资源评估的几个主要的数学模型以及渔业资源和渔获量的估算与预报的几个主要方法;课程要求课程要求 能运用渔业管理理论结合实测的生物学资料、环境资料和所收集的渔业统计资料所得到的评估结果判断渔业资源利用状况,利用EXCEL做分析分析和简单的渔业资源评估,根据管理目标和渔业资源合理利用及渔业可持续发展的要求,选择恰当的管理措施。课程要求课程要求绪 论 渔业资源:渔业资源:水域中的经济鱼类和其它水生动物就是通常所谓的渔业资源。包括鱼类、虾蟹类、头足类、贝类、藻类等。特点特点:渔业生产的基础是渔业资源,属于再生资源,短期几个月,长期几年。但是其再生
5、能力有限,捕捞强度增加,资源衰竭,渔获量下降,所以要合理利用资源。渔业资源的开发利用 Fishing Methods:拖网 围网 定置网 刺网 笼壶等Trawls towing one or more trawl nets behind a boat or in between two boats either through the water column or along the oceans floor usually shaped like a cone or funnel with a wide opening to catch fish or crustaceans and a
6、narrow closed end called a cod-end used in water of various depths down to around 3000m;nets differ by their mesh size Demersal Trawl:to catch fish or prawns that live on the bottom of the ocean Midwater trawl:nets may incorporate acoustic technology to tell the skipper the position of the net in th
7、e water columnSeines usually long flat nets like a fence that are used to encircle a school of fish,with the boat driving around the fish in a circle Purse Seine:-top of the net is floated at the oceans surface,the bottom is held under the water by lead weights-wire that is threaded through the bott
8、om of the net can be tightened to close the bottom of the net trapping the fish inside Danish Seine:-more simply constructed with no otterboards and very long warps Gillnet long rectangular panels of netting with diamond-shaped mesh that are held vertically in the water column anchored either so tha
9、t the net touches the bottom or so it is suspended above the ocean floor fish swim into the net and are entangled by the gills,fins and spinesLonglines set horizontally either on the ocean floor(demersal longlines)or near the surface of the water(pelagic longlines)can be tens of kilometres long and
10、carry thousands of hooks baited hooks are attached to the longline by short lines called snoods that hang off the mainline Demersal Longline:-set horizontally on the ocean floor Pelagic Longline:-set near the surface of the water-usually used to catch large tuna and billfish species Droplines simila
11、r to longlines but are set vertically either down underwater cliffs or just in the water column a weight at the bottom,a series of hooks attached to snoods,and a float at the top of the line not usually as long as longlines and dont have as many hooksSquid Jigs carried out using either mechanically
12、powered or hand operated jigs overhead lights illuminate the water and attract the squid which gather in the shaded area under the boat Squid are caught using barbless lures on fishing lines which are jigged up and down in the water =lures are recovered over the end rollers,the squid fall off into t
13、he boatDredges used to collect shellfish such as scallops from the sea floor constructed of a heavy steel frame covered with steel mesh,open on the front side which is towed and used to dig scallops out of the sand and mud the dredge is towed along the bottom until it is full,lifted onto the boat an
14、d the contents tipped outTraps traps are baited so that fish are enticed to swim into them set up with mazes or funnel-shaped entrances so that fish cannot escape once inside the trapBycatch Reduction Devices used in trawl fisheries to allow fish that are not targeted by the fishers to escape from t
15、he net before it is hauled back into the boat reduces the amount of bycatch that dies as a result of trawlingTurtle Excluder Device used in northern prawn trawl fisheries as an escape hatch for turtles consist of a grid across the cod-end of the net which forces turtles and other large objects out o
16、f the net without the prawn catch escapingSeal Excluder Device very similar to Turtle Excluder Devices(TEDs)but they are designed for use by seals instead of turtles They are used in the southern demersal trawl fisheries where seals are more likely to be caught渔具技术的演变渔具技术的演变 1870 Small sailing vesse
17、ls(smacks)were fishing with beam trawls(20m).Towards the end of the decade the first steam trawlers came into operation which increased towing power.1880 Otter boards were introduced that enabled larger nets to be deployed.Mechanical ice production enabled vessels to remain at sea for longer periods
18、 as the catch stayed fresh for longer.1890 Steam powered drift netters were introduced that targeted the pelagic stocks of fishes such as herring.1900 Smack fishing fleet had dwindled in numbers and was confined to sole fishing in the southern North Sea.Fish products were considered useful as animal
19、 feeds,prompting fishers to make bulk catches of smaller species.The International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea was instigated.1910 World War I causes reduction in fishing pressure.1920 Trawling for herring introduced.Bridles and bobbins introduced to otter trawling gear for rougher groun
20、ds.Anchor and fly seining introduced for bottom dwelling species.Fish meal production begins,leading to the more intensive fishing of small pelagic species.1930 Radio telephones introduced.Echo sounders introduced.Powered line and gill-net haulers were introduced in set gear fisheries and enabled la
21、rger fleets of gear to be handled.1940 WWII caused a 70%reduction in catches.Stern trawling with otter trawls introduced.Mid water pair trawling for pelagic species introduced.Late 1940s DECCA navigation system implemented.1950 Echo-sounders used as fish finders.Synthetic fibre used for net and rope
22、 manufacture.Power blocks for hauling nets.Ship-board freezing facilities.Icelandic cod wars.Danish industrial fisheries for sandeel and Norway pout begin.1960 North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission instigated.UK distant water fleet diminishes.Double beam-trawling introduced.Single vessel mid-wate
23、r trawling commences.Quotas on herring catches introduced.Norwegian sandeel industrial fishery commences.1970 Icelandic cod wars in 1975-76.UK,Denmark and Ireland join the EEC.200 nautical mile fishery limits imposed.TAC for gadoid fish species,sole,plaice.Total ban on North Sea herring fishery.Pout
24、 box introduced as a conservation measure.1980 EEC Common Fisheries Policy signed.Spain and Portugal join the EEC.EEC instigates cod box,plaice box,and sprat box as conservation measures.Herring ban continues in central and northern North Sea.渔业资源评估渔业资源评估(Fish Stock Assessment(Fish Stock Assessment)
25、是研究渔业生物(主要是经济鱼类)种群动态、数量变动的一门学科,属渔业种群生态学,是渔业资源学的核心部分。“渔业资源评估”又称“渔业生物学”,“水产资源学”,“种群数量变动”。虽然所作定义文字上有所不同,但本质上则大同小异,即该学科属应用科学范畴,研究的主要目的是为生物资源的开发和管理,为渔业生物资源的最佳和可持续利用提供科学依据。一、渔业资源评估的含义和内容一、渔业资源评估的含义和内容Gulland(1983)定义:渔业资源评估包括为确定某一渔业资源的生产率,捕捞对资源的影响,捕捞格局变化(如管理或发展政策的执行)所产生的效果(对资源和渔业)等进行的一切科学研究。简言之,就是利用各种方法对渔业
26、资源进行评估和估算没有清楚的定义-与渔业资源评估专家一样多(二)渔业资源评估的研究内容(二)渔业资源评估的研究内容1、用数学手段进行定量分析另外还有初级生产力法、水声学法、生物调查法等在实验室内进行样本分析、鉴定、生物学测定在实验室内进行样本分析、鉴定、生物学测定拍摄生物照片拍摄生物照片脊腹褐虾脊腹褐虾Crangon affinis枯瘦突眼蟹枯瘦突眼蟹Oregonia gracilis大泷六线鱼大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii陶氏太阳海星陶氏太阳海星Solaster dawsoni开展重要海洋经济物种的胃含物分析定量分析方法 2、定量分析方法是指在一定的假设前提下,建立简单和抽象
27、的数学模型来描述渔业的各种变化。步骤:(1)确定生物学特征:年龄(日龄)、生长、体长、体重、群体组成、繁殖力,对捕捞对象的生长、死亡和补充规律进行研究。(2)通过渔业统计资料(捕捞努力量、渔获量)来评估资源的数量和质量。(3)最佳利用方案(捕捞强度,可捕规格)。(4)实施管理。二、资源评估的目的二、资源评估的目的根据性质不同,分为两类:决策性资源评估:管理策略及管理效应,如MSY。(长期)生产性资源评估:预报下一年或下一季渔业产量,如中心渔场、渔期)。(短期)三、渔业资源评估简史三、渔业资源评估简史始于19世纪后半叶的欧洲北海,大西洋东北部的鲱鱼流刺网渔业,和大西洋蒸气拖网渔业。三种主要学说:
28、1、繁殖论2、稀疏论或生长论3、波动论1、繁殖论(德国 耿克):如果所有海洋比目鱼在捕捞前能够产卵一次,就可以有持续资源,因此要限定捕捞鱼体的长度。捕捞过度则年龄组成趋低和渔获量下降。“本金”与“利息”2、稀疏论或生长论(丹麦 彼得逊):北海比目鱼饵料基础与生长有关。认为捕捞对种群有利,使种群密度减少,个体生长加速。而渔业本身又受经济因素的影响。但稀疏有一定限度,如果稀疏过分,资源衰退。3、波动论(挪威 约尔特):挪威沿岸鳕鱼和鲱鱼渔获量变动的原因。丰产世代的影响会持续几年。世代数量取决于饵料数量及非生物因素(流,温,盐),鱼类早期生活阶段的育肥条件是年间波动的主要原因。数学分析方法数学分析方
29、法 1918年,苏联的巴拉诺夫 用数学分析方法研究了捕捞对种群的数量影响,提出计算产量的数学 模型,建立了捕捞效率和捕捞强度等基本概念,用体长分布计算鱼类死亡率,把总死亡率分解为自然死亡和捕捞死亡。1931年,Russell原理 影响种群数量四个因素:补充、生长、捕捞死亡与自然死亡与种群数量间关系 1/BdB/dt=R(B)+G(B)-Z(B)1935年,Graham首次将Logistic S型增长曲线近似描绘鱼类种群的增长1945年,Ricker 将生长、死亡和产量结合在一起,建立Ricker平衡产量模型;1954年,建立Ricker繁殖模型。1954年及1957年Schaefer建立平衡剩
30、余产量模型,阐明了当 资源处于中等水平并用适当捕捞强度可获得最大持续产量(MSY)。1957年,Beverton-Holt建立Beverton-Holt单位补充量渔获量模型和Beverton-Holt繁殖模型。1965年,Gulland and Murphy 实际种群分析法(VPA);1972年,Pope改为世代分析法(CA);1974年,Jones建立体长VPA;1979年Pope 和1982年Pope and Yang建立多鱼种VPA,称MSVPA。总之 50年代前以生物学为基础,着重从世代变迁来估计产量和预报种群数量。定性研究;50年代后,以数学模型、计算机为手段,定量研究。目前许多国家
31、所制定的限额捕捞等一系列渔业管理措施,都是以资源评估数学模型作为科学依据的。我国的生物资源调查我国的生物资源调查 我国从50年代,开始大规模的资源调查。包括大面试捕、标志放流、重点渔场调查,为以后的定量研究积累了大量的渔业生物学、渔场环境和种群数量分布资料。1955年,辽东湾毛虾预报(吴敬南);1964年,辽东湾小黄鱼的B-H模型(叶昌臣);1974年,万山春汛蓝圆鯵的Schaefer模型(费鸿年);1980年,FAO在上海水产大学举办渔业资源评估讲习班。1985年,渤海对虾预报(邓景耀)1985-1994年,黄海、东海鳀鱼资源声学评估。70年代中期前,以渔场、渔汛和渔获量预报为中心。70年代
32、中期后,以近海渔业资源的保护、管理和增殖以及持续利用为中心。章节结构:共十一章内容:资源数量变动的一般规律,生长、繁殖、资源数量变动的一般规律,生长、繁殖、第一章第一章 渔业资源数量变动的一般规律渔业资源数量变动的一般规律 资源数量变动的基本单位 资源数量变动的基本原因及其一般规律 捕捞对鱼类资源数量变动和渔获数量与质量所产生的影响 第二章 鱼类的生长 体长与体重 生长方程,生长参数的估计 生长速度、加速度和生长拐点 体长年龄换算第三章 捕捞努力量与渔获量捕捞努力量标准化捕捞努力量标准化的方法66第四章第四章 鱼类的死亡鱼类的死亡渔获量方程总死亡系数的估算自然死亡系数和捕捞死亡系数的估算672
33、022-8-1568 第五章第五章 动态综合模型动态综合模型 Beverton-Holt模型不完全函数渔获量方程(Jones法)Ricker模型Thompson和Bell模型现代动态综合模型模型的假设条件和平衡产量Graham模型Schaefer模型Fox模型Pella-Tomlinson模型模型参数和最大持续产量的估算 第六章 剩余产量模型 第七章 亲体与补充量关系模型 (Stock-Recruitment Model)Ricker繁殖模型B-H繁殖模型不同环境条件的一簇亲体补充量曲线从亲体-补充量关系来推断资源状态的土井法第九章 渔具选择性 拖网的选择性 拖网选择曲线的估算刺网选择性放大网目尺寸的长期效果 第十章 资源量估算和渔获量预报资源量的估算渔获量预报 第十一章 实际种群分析年龄结构的实际种群分析(TVPA)年龄结构的世代分析(TCA)体长结构的世代分析法(LCA)第十二章 世界渔业管理现状与研究进展 The status of global fisheries Ecosystem impacts of fisheries Causes for overfishing Fisheries management Possible solutions Conclusions