1、The 17th and 18th(Neoclassical)Century1625-1798Mrs.Cumberland第1页，共53页。A Turbulent Time:Historical Background In 1649,the English shocked the world by beheading their king and abolishing the monarchy.In the decades before the civil wars tore England apart,revolutions in science and religion had alrea
2、dy unsettled peoples worldview.第2页，共53页。ChangesThe new astronomy had exiled the Earth from the center of the universe to the vastness of infinite space.New religious creeds had altered or abolished the traditions of centuries.John Donne wrote,with his newfound insecurity,“Tis all in pieces,all coher
3、ence gone.”第3页，共53页。Monarch is Back By the 1700s,though,a monarch was back on the throne,and a new,competitive society had sprung up,with a looser social structure and greater freedom in religion and politics.第4页，共53页。Charles I and ParliamentCrowned in 1625Clashed with Parliament over moneyKing Char
4、les needed money for his wars,and Parliament refused to fund them.第5页，共53页。Loans?No Loans?The king then extorted loans from his wealthy subjects and pressed the poor into service as soldiers and sailors.Parliament tried to prevent such abuses of power,so Charles eventually dissolved Parliament and w
5、ould not call it into session for 11yrs.第6页，共53页。Religious ControversyHe insisted the clergymen“conform,”or observe all the ceremonies of the Anglican Church.Puritans-Calvanists who wished to purify the Church of its Catholic traditions-were enraged by some of these requirements.第7页，共53页。Torture Pur
6、itans believed that each group of worshipers,moved by the members divinely granted consciences,had the right to choose its own minister-an idea dangerously close to democracy.For these and other ideas,“dissenters”were persecuted and tortured as criminals.第8页，共53页。The Civil War Charless problem grew
7、worse after he was forced to fight Scottish rebels outraged by his insistence on religious conformity.Desperate for money,he summoned a hostile Parliament Parliament condemned Charles I as a tyrant in 1642 Civil war broke out In 1645,Parliaments forces,led by Oliver Cromwell,defeated the royalist ar
8、my and captured Charles第9页，共53页。Cromwell Rules Radical Puritans:dominated Parliament Tried and convicted the king for treason Charles I was beheaded on January 30,1649 Cromwell led the new government,called the English Commonwealth He dissolved Parliament in 1653 and named himself Lord Protector He
9、ruled as a dictator until 1658 when he died第10页，共53页。Outlawing Civil war had not led to the free society that many who had fought against the king expected.Hopes,economic hardship=unrest The Commonwealth fueled discontent by outlawing Gambling Horse racing Newspapers Fancy clothes Public dancing The
10、 theater第11页，共53页。The Restoration By Cromwells death,England had had enough taxation,violence,and disorder.In 1658,Parliament offered the crown to the exiled son of Charles I,who became Charles II in 1660.The monarch was restored第12页，共53页。In sharp contrast to the drab Puritan leaders,Charles II and
11、his court copied the plush fashions of Paris Charles Avid patron of the arts and science Invited Italian composers and Dutch painters to live and work in London.第13页，共53页。European Political ThinkersThinkerMajor IdeasQuotationThomas HobbesLeviathan(1651)People are driven by selfishness and greed.To a
12、void chaos,they give up their freedom to a government that will ensure order.Such a government must be strong and able to suppress rebellion“The condition of man in the state of nature is a condition of war of everyone against everyone.”第14页，共53页。European Political ThinkersThinkerMajor IdeasQuotatio
13、nJohn LockeTwo Treaties of Government(1690)People have a natural right to life,liberty,and property.Rulers have a responsibility to protect those rights.People have the right to change a government that fails to do so.“Men being by nature all free,equal,and independent,no one can be put out of this
14、estate and subjected to the political power of another without his own consent.”第15页，共53页。European Political ThinkersThinkerMajor IdeasQuotationBaron de MontesquieuThe Spirit of the Laws(1748)The powers of government should be separated into executive,legislative,and judicial branches,to prevent any
15、 one group from gaining too much power.“In order to have liberty,it is necessary that government be set up so that one man need not be afraid of another.”第16页，共53页。A Glorious Revolution Charles IIs successor:James II Devout Catholic.Parliament invited Mary,the Protestant daughter of James II,to rule
16、 England jointly with her husband,William of Orange.Rather than fight,James escaped to France The people of England hailed the event as the“Glorious Revolution of 1688”because not a drop of blood had been shed.第17页，共53页。1689 Bill of Rights William and Mary agreed to Parliaments Bill of Rights This b
17、ill guaranteed Parliament the right to approve all taxes and forbade the monarch to suspend the law.England thus attained a limited,or constitutional,monarchy.第18页，共53页。Tories and Whigs In ensuing decades,two political factions crystallized in Parliament:the conservative,aristocratic Tories and the
18、Whigs,drawn largely from Britains growing merchant class.A cabinet of ministers drawn from Parliament,and eventually unified under the leadership of a prime minister,began to rule the country.第19页，共53页。An Agricultural Revolution By the late 1600s,new farm tools made it possible for farms to produce
19、much more food.Population surged upward Many people left the countryside Growing towns Became factory hands who ran the machines of the early Industrial Revolution第20页，共53页。The Industrial Age British inventions after 1750 made the spinning and weaving of cloth much more efficient.The steam engine wa
20、s perfected and adapted to run a power loom Factories were built to produce vast quantities of cotton cloth Merchants sold goods all over the world As late as 1790s:most were still earning a living as farmers第21页，共53页。The Enlightenment The scientific revolution that made industry possible stemmed fr
21、om a larger development in thought known as the Enlightenment.Through reason and observation of nature,human beings could discover the order underlying all things第22页，共53页。The Enlightenment Sir Isaac Newton:study of gravity第23页，共53页。The Enlightenment Men,women,and children toiled at machines for 12-
22、14 hr/day Poor people crowded the towns and cities By the late 1700s“progress”=misery Writers and intellectuals began to lose faith in the ability of human reason to solve every problem第24页，共53页。Technology and Society ConnectionsEfficiency and agriculture and industry had deep social consequencesRic
23、h landowners pushed ahead with enclosure,by which they took over and fenced off the common land formerly shared by peasant villagers.Farm output roseProfits rose because large fields needed fewer people to work themSmall farmers were forced off their land because they could not compete with large la
24、ndholdersThe jobless or landless farm workers migrate to the cities.第25页，共53页。Literature of the PeriodThe Schools of Jonson and Donne17th and 18th Century第26页，共53页。Ben Jonson(1572-1637)Strove for the perfection and harmony he found in his beloved classical authors,turning away from the ornate style
25、of Elizabethan times to create his own modern,strong voice.He wrote poems,plays,and masques(court entertainments)第27页，共53页。第28页，共53页。Ben Jonson Took seriously the role of the poet He believed,in fact,that no other profession could compare to it.Poets,he wrote,encourage“young men to all good discipli
26、nes,inflame grown men to all great virtues and keep old men in their best and supreme state“A person could not be a good poet without being a good man,”he asserted第29页，共53页。Jonson Influences His critical opinion exercised a powerful influence on other poets of the time.Robert Herrick(1591-1674)Sir J
27、ohn Suckling(1609-1642)Richard Lovelace(1618-1657)第30页，共53页。The Products of JonsonRobert HerrickSir John SucklingRichard Lovelace第31页，共53页。John Donne(1572-1631)第32页，共53页。John Donne Pioneered a new,witty,cerebral style later known as Metaphysical Poetry Characterized by:Unusual degree of intellectual
28、ism Subtle arguments that raid the worlds of science,law,and philosophy for surprising but strangely accurate comparisons.第33页，共53页。Examples of such“A Valediction of Weeping”Compares his tears,which reflect his lovers face,to coins that are stamped with her image“A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning”Co
29、mpares parted lovers to the two legs of a drawing compass第34页，共53页。Followers of Donne:George Herbert(1593-1633)Andrew Marvell(1621-1678)第35页，共53页。The FollowersGeorge HerbertHis mother was a friend of DonnesHis life parallels DonnesFelt tension between worldly ambition and religious devotion Became a
30、n Anglican deacon Best poems are religious lyrics collected in“The Temple”Andrew Marvell Best lyrics blend the brilliance of Donne and the classical finish of Jonson Offer observations on nature,love,and God that,at first,seem urbane and perhaps conventional,but on closer inspection prove profound.H
31、is best known poem,“To His Coy Mistress”is one of the best lyrics in English literature.第36页，共53页。The Puritan Writers Perhaps the greatest poet of the 17th century was a Puritan,not a Cavalier:John Milton The Puritan movement also produced the best-selling prose writer of the century,John Bunyan Onl
32、y the Bible sold more copies than Bunyans religious narrative,“The Pilgrims Progress.”第37页，共53页。John Milton(1608-1674)Learned disciple of Greek and Latin authors Studied the Old Testament in Hebrew第38页，共53页。MiltonBorn to a prosperous middle-class familyStudied at CambridgeWrote political pamphlets f
33、or the Puritan cause when the battle between Charles I and Parliament was in the midst.Areopagitica(Miltons pamphlet):a ringing call for freedom of the pressSupported the Commonewealth and Protectorate and defended the execution of Charles I.Milton lost hope of forming a just society on earth when C
34、romwells rule turned to dictatorship第39页，共53页。Timeline 1625-1798British Events/World Events第40页，共53页。British Events/World Events1627 Sir Francis Bacon publishes The New Atlantis1628 Willam Harvey explains blood circulation1633 John Donnes Songs and Sonnets published1635 Public mail service establish
35、ed1637 John Milton publishes Lycidas1600 Japan:Kabuki theater developed1614 North America:Dutch found New Amsterdam第41页，共53页。Events第42页，共53页。British Events/World Events1640 Charles I summons Long Parliament1642 English Civil War begins1646 John Suckling publishes Fragmenta Aurea1647 George Fox found
36、s Society of Friends(Quakers)1649 Charles I beheaded;Puritans close theaters;Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector1650 Early newspaper ads appear;Full-blown wigs come into fashion1640 India:English settlement established in Madras1640 North America:Bay Psalm Book published in Massachusetts1643 Fran
37、ce:Louis XIV becomes king1650 North America:Anne Bradstreets collection of poems is published1651 North America:William Bradford finishes Of Plymouth Plantation第43页，共53页。Events第44页，共53页。British Events/World Events1658 Oliver Cromwell dies;Puritan government collapses1660 Monarchy restored;theaters r
38、eopen1666 Great Fire of London1667 John Miltons Paradise Lost published1668 John Dryden publishes An Essay of Dramatic Poesy1662 France:Louis XIV begins building palace of Versailles1664 North America:Britain seizes New Netherlands1666 Italy:Stradivari labels first violin第45页，共53页。Events第46页，共53页。Br
39、itish Events/World Events 1685 James II becomes king 1688 Glorious Revolution 1688 Bill of Rights becomes law 1702 First daily newspaper begins publication1680 China:All ports open to foreign trade1685 France:Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes,provoking persecution of Protestants1690 India:Calcutta f
40、ounded by British1703 Russia:Peter the Great begins building St.Petersburg第47页，共53页。Events第48页，共53页。British Events/World Events1712 Alexander Pope published The Rape of Lock1714 George I becomes king1719 Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe1726 Jonathan Swift publishes Gullivers Travels1751 Thomas
41、 Gray publishes“Elegy in a Country Churchyard”1715 France:Louis XV succeeds to throne1721 Germany:Bach composes Brandenburg Concertos1727 Brazil:First coffee planted1752 North America:Benjamin Franklin invents lighting rod第49页，共53页。Events第50页，共53页。British Events/World Events 1755 Samuel Jonson publi
42、shes Dictionary of the English Language 1756 Britain enters Seven Years War 1793 England goes to war with France1773 North America:Boston Tea Party1775 North America:American Revolution begins1784 France:first school established for the blind1789 France:Revolution begins with storming of the Bastille第51页，共53页。Events第52页，共53页。MiltonWent blind in 1652 as a result of his laborsComposed an epic that would explain why God allows suffering in this world:The epic,Paradise Lost,reflects Miltons humanistic love of poetry and his Puritan devotion to God.第53页，共53页。
