1、第18课 社会主义的发展与挫折,苏联是世界上第一个社会主义国家，也曾经是唯一能与美国抗衡的超级大国，然而，它在1991年却突然解体了。苏联是怎么解体的？东欧国家又发生了怎样的剧变呢？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
2、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
3、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,社会主义力量的壮大,经互会的成立：,1949年，苏联同保加利亚、匈牙利、波兰、罗马尼亚、捷克斯洛伐克等国家建立了经济互助委员会，简称“经互会”。,1947年，苏联坚持成立了“共产党和工人党情报局”。苏联代表日丹诺夫提出世界已经分为“社会主义阵营”和“资本主义阵营”。苏联通过情报局控制东欧各国，要求东欧各国的社会制度、政权性质与苏联统一。苏联还在东欧各国进行了无情的大清洗，将包括共产党著名领导人在内的几十万人清除出
4、党，以保证苏联政治路线和外交政策的执行。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
5、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
6、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,中苏建交：,1949年，中华人民共和国成立后不久，苏联就与中国建立了外交关系。1950年，中苏缔结了中苏友好同盟互助条约，加强了社会主义阵营的力量。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
7、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
8、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,苏联的发展与改革,赫鲁晓夫改革：,1953年，斯大林逝世。不久，赫鲁晓夫上台执政。赫鲁晓夫在批判斯大林个人崇拜的同时，在经济上进行了一些改革，如：发动垦荒运动；发展饲料生产，广种玉米；,取消农产品的义务交售制，改行收购制；改革工业管理体制；等等。改革没有从根本上突破斯大林时期形成的政治经济体制。,第二次世界大战结束后，苏联在核技术和空间技术等领域取得了重大的成就。1954年，苏联建成世界上第一座核电站。1957年，苏
9、联成功发射世界上第一颗人造地球卫星。1961年，苏联宇航员加加林乘坐苏联第一艘载人宇宙飞船“东方一号”进入太空，后安全返回地面，为世界载人航天事业的发展作出了重要贡献。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
10、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
11、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,勃列日涅夫改革：,1964年，勃列日涅夫在经济上推行“新政策”，要求加速科技进步、完善经济管理体制和加强经济刺激。但是，改革仍然没有从根本上突破高度集中的计划经济体制。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
12、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才
13、路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,东欧剧变与苏联解体,戈尔巴乔夫改革：,1985年，戈尔巴乔夫开始实施加速经济改革的方案。1988年，戈尔巴乔夫又转向政治体制改革，取消苏共的领导地位，实行多党制，倡导“公开性”和“政治多元化”，这些措施使人们的思想发生混乱，无政府状态蔓延，局势迅速失控。,东欧
14、剧变：,20世纪60年代以后，东欧社会主义国家在政治、经济上都出现严重问题。同时，西方国家对苏联和东欧社会主义国家加紧推行“和平演变”战略。,20世纪80年代末，受戈尔巴乔夫改革的影响，东欧各国开始实行政治多元化，全盘否定自身的历史。此后，东欧政局剧烈动荡。,东欧各国社会制度都发生了根本性变化：在政治上，实行议会民主制和多党制；在经济上，实行私有化基础上的市场经济。,1990年，苏联经济出现严重滑坡，消费品全面短缺，人民生活水平不断下降。同时，苏联各民族的积怨被煽动起来，民族之间从群殴、械斗，发展到武装冲突。1990年，立陶宛首先宣布独立，拉脱维亚等5个加盟共和国也要求退出苏联。1991年，苏
15、联就是否保留联盟举行全民公决，大多数人主张保留。但是，新联盟条约却要把苏联变成一个松散的邦联。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
16、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
17、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,苏联解体：,1991年8月19日，8名苏共高级官员发动政变，试图维护原联盟体制，但不到3天，即宣告失败。这次事件后，戈尔巴乔夫辞去苏共中央总书记职务。俄罗斯领导人叶利钦控制了全局，苏联的分裂进一步加快。1991年年底，苏联解体。,独立国家联合体 1991年12月8日，白俄罗斯、俄罗斯和乌克兰3个苏联加盟共和国的领导人签署独立国家联合体协议，决定成立独立国家联合体。12月21日，除立陶宛、拉脱维亚、爱沙尼亚和格鲁吉亚外，苏联其他11个加盟共和国在哈萨克斯坦的阿拉木图签署了阿拉木图宣言，宣告成立独立国家
18、,联合体及苏联停止存在。1991年12月25日，苏联总统戈尔巴乔夫宣布辞职，将国家权力移交给俄罗斯总统叶利钦。当天19时32分，红旗从克里姆林宫上空降下。第二天，苏联最高苏维埃通过最后一项决议，宣布苏联停止存在。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
19、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
20、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,课堂小结,社会主义的发展与挫折,经互会：苏联通过经互会帮助东欧国家克服了战后经济困难，但也利用经互会将各成员国的经济纳入苏联计划经济的轨道,苏联的发展与改革,赫鲁晓夫改革,勃列日涅夫改革,戈尔巴乔夫改革,苏联解体,课堂练习,1.冷战局面形成后，帮助东欧国家克服了战后经济困难，同时将各国成员国的经济纳入苏联经济的轨道的机构是（ ） A.华沙条约组织 B.北大西洋公约组织 C.经济互助委
21、员会 D.欧洲经济共同体,C,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
22、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,2.经济上推行“新政策”，要求加速科技进步、完善经济管理体制和加强经济刺激。这次改革的背景是（ ） A.斯大林逝世后，赫鲁晓夫上台执政 B.勃列日涅夫开始执政 C.戈尔巴乔夫担任苏联领导人 D.俄罗斯领导人叶利钦控制了全局,B,3.1985年戈尔巴乔夫上台后，针对苏联当时的发展局面，首先把改革的重点放在了哪一领域？（ ） A.政治体制方面 B.经济方面 C.军事方面 D.教育方面,B,
