1、2022-8-12室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution室内空气污染室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollutionINDOOR AIR QUALITYIndoor air quality(IAQ)isatermwhichreferstotheairqualitywithinandaroundbuildingsandstructures,especiallyasitrelatestothehealthandcomfortofbuildingoccupants.室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollutionINDOOR AIR QUAL
2、ITYIndoor air quality is influenced by:Outdoorairpollution:vehiclesandindustrialplantsSecondhandtobaccosmokeFuelsusedforheatingandcookingConfinedandpoorlyventilatedspacesOvercrowdedhomesandinsufficientlivingspaceCustoms,habits,traditionsLevelofeconomicdevelopment:Industrializeddevelopingcountries室内空
3、气污染INDOORAIRpollution ADVERSEHEALTHEFFECTSIrritationofthemucousmembranes(eyes,nose,throat)Cough,wheeze,chesttightnessIncreasedairwayresponsivenesstoallergensLong-termexposuredecreaseslunggrowthImpairmentofpulmonaryfunctionIncreasedsusceptibilitytochronicobstructivelungdiseasesAcuteChronic室内空气污染INDOO
4、RAIRpollution ENVIRONMENTANDPOLLUTIONIndoor environments also reflect outdoor air qualityIndustrialoragriculturalactivitiesTreatmentofindustrialeffluentsanddomesticresiduesTrafficSolidwastemanagementCottageindustriesChemicalincidentsandspills室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution ENVIRONMENTANDPOLLUTIONIndoor air
5、 pollution also affects outdoor air quality室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution INDOORAIRPOLLUTANTParticulate matterCarbon monoxideSecondhand tobacco smokePesticidesVolatile organic compoundsBiological pollutants-Mites-Allergens-MouldsRadon Asbestos室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution PARTICULATEMATTERCoarse particles(2.51
6、0 micrometres)deposited in the upper respiratory tract and large airwaysFine particles(1000g/m3(24hrmean)Canreach10000g/m3PM10EPA:50g/m3PM10annualmeanWomenandyoungchildrenhavegreatestexposure室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution SMOKYCOOKINGFUELSAge distribution of global burden of disease attributable to solid
7、fuel use Age group(yrs)Attributable mortalityAttributable DALYs0456835140015595860+389Young children at high risk due to:Lung immaturity High exposure to IAP:nearly 1 million children under 5 yrs die every year due to solid fuel use!室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution CARBONMONOXIDE THE SILENT KILLERA COMMON C
8、AUSE OF ACUTE AND LETHAL POISONINGColourless,odourlessgasformedbyincompleteburningofcarbon-basedfuelsCOsaffinityforHbis240270timesgreaterthanoxygenFetalHbhashigheraffinityforCOCOcausesaleftwardshiftoftheoxyhaemoglobin(OHb)dissociationcurveIntoxicationresultsintissuehypoxiaMultipleorgansystemsareaffe
9、cted室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution CARBONMONOXIDESOURCESGas,kerosene,wood stoves and coal Fires,fireplaces,furnaces Leaking chimneys and ventsRoom and water heaters Vehicle exhaust in closed garageTobacco smoke室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution CARBONMONOXIDESymptoms:Headache,dizzinessNausea,vomitingIrritabilitySle
10、epiness,confusionUnconsciousness,comaDeathIncreasing COHb室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution SECONDHANDTOBACCOSMOKEINCREASES RISK OF:Respiratory tract illnessAsthmaMiddle ear effusionsPrenatal complications and low birth weightFire-related injuriesSudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)Cancers(childhood leukemia an
11、d others)室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution SECONDHANDTOBACCOSMOKE 70%more respiratory problemsPneumonia and hospitalization in year 1 is 38%higherInfant mortality is 80%higher20%of all infant deaths could be avoided if all pregnant smokers stopped by the 16th week of gestation 5 times higher risk of sudden i
12、nfant death syndrome(SIDS)Children whose mothers smoke:室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution PESTICIDESSpraying pesticides indoor:Higher concentrations near the floor Persistence in some surfaces(carpets,soft toys)Overuse and misuse室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution PESTICIDESClasses commonly used:PyrethroidsNeurotoxicant
13、sInsectrepellents(DEET)MosquitocoilsHealth effects:AcutepoisoningAllergicandgeneralsymptomsHousehold use in Africa,Asia,South America室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDSAlkanes,aromatic hydrocarbons,alcohols,aldehydes,ketonesSources:Solvents,fabricsofteners,deodorizersandcleaningproduct
14、sPaints,glues,resins,waxesandpolishingmaterialsSpraypropellants,drycleaningfluidsPensandmarkersBindersandplasticizersCosmetics:hairsprays,perfumes室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS HEALTH EFFECTSAcute:IrritationofeyesandrespiratorytractGeneral:headache,dizziness,lossofcoordination,nau
15、sea,visualdisordersAllergicreactions,includingasthmaandrhinitisChronic:Damagetoliver,kidney,bloodsystemandcentralnervoussystem(CNS)Somemaycausecancerinhumans(formaldehyde)室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS FORMALDEHYDEIndustrialized countriesHousehold cleaners and deodorizersGlues and
16、 resinsTobacco smokeCarpetingFurniture and dyed materialsPressed wood productsUrea formaldehyde insulating foam(UFFI)OthersDeveloping countriesUseofsolidfuelsindoorsMosquitocoilsFurniture(pressedwood)室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution VOLATILEORGANICCOMPOUNDS FORMALDEHYDEHEALTH EFFECTSIrritationofeyes,noseand
17、throatBreathingdifficultiesSkinrashAsthmaandotherallergicreactionsMaybeasensitizerMaycausecancer室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAnimaldander,dustmites,moulds,infectiousagents,pollenSources of biological agents:Water-damagedsurfacesandmaterialsHumidifiersandstagnantwaterWatervapourfromco
18、okingandshoweringAirconditioningsystemsMattresses,upholsteredfurnitureandcarpetsDirt室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSDUSTMITESFeedonhumandanderPreferwarm,humidenvironmentsSources:bedding,carpets,upholstery,softtoys室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSANIMAL ALLERGENSBirdsDogdande
19、rCockroachpartsandfaecesCatdander(mostallergenic)室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAfrequentlyundetectedenvironmentalproblemOccurindampindoorareasAllergiesandnonspecificsymptomsarecommon,butinfectionsarerare MOULDS室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution BIOLOGICALPOLLUTANTSAirwayandconjunctivalirritatio
20、nHeadacheDifficultyinconcentratingHypersensitivityreactions:asthma,rhinitisSystemicinfections(immunosuppressedchild)AcuteexposureassociatedwithpulmonaryhaemorrhageininfantsMOULD-RELATEDDISEASESMycotoxins are associated with human disease and cause acute and chronic effects室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution RA
21、DONRadioactive gas released from soil and rocks Concentrations indoors depend on construction site and building materialsHighest levels occur in basements and on the ground floorSecondleadingcauseoflungcancer(inadults)室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution ASBESTOSUsedforinsulationandasfire-retardant:asbestoscement,floorandrooftiles,waterpipesandothersLevelsincreaseifasbestos-containingmaterialsaredamagedLevelscanbehighinclothesofworkingparents SOURCESRooftiles2022-8-12室内空气污染INDOORAIRpollution
