1、中考英语语法专项复习 非谓语动词 动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语，非谓语动词为中考必考考点，考点有动名词、动词不定式的基本用法；动名词、动词不定式作宾语的固定搭配等。考题常在单项填空、完形填空、单词填空中设置13分的题。一、动词不定式思维导图记知识动词不定式形式：不定式记号to+动词原形”构成否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”动词不定式可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语谓语动词(vt.)+不定式题谓语动词+疑问词+不定式动词不定式可以
2、在句子中用作状语一、动词不定式：（一）形式：基本形式:to+动词原形 否定形式:not to+动词原形（2） 动词不定式的句法功能功能例句说明主语To speak English is not easy for us.=It is not easy for us to speak English不定式作主语时,常常可用it作形式主语,而把不定式放在后面表语My work is to clean the room every day.多数情况下,不定式作表语表示主语的职业,职责等宾语I wish to speak to the manager.只能作某些动词的宾语,一般不作介词的宾语宾补She
3、asked me not to speak Chinese in class.在make,let,see,hear,watch等使役,感官动词后,不定式省略to定语Have you got anything to say?不定式作定语,要放在所修饰词的后面状语Im sorry to trouble you.(表原因)I went to the library to study English.(表目的)不定式作状语,其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致1.不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语放在句末,常用结构为:It +be+adj+(for/of sb.)+to do
4、sth.To learn English well is useful.=It is useful to learn English well.Its important for us to protect the environment.备注:在kind/good/nice/clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of.如:Its very kind of you to help me.你帮助我真是太好啦.Its very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦.2.不定式作宾语 一些谓语动词后能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令,打
5、算或希望的,如：would like,want,wish,hope,decide,plan,expect等.如: Would you like to see a film this evening?在find,think后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it代替,而将真正的宾语放在后面.如；I find it easy to read English every day.3.不定式作宾语补足语Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.tell,ask,want,allow,get,would like,encourage后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语.如:My mothe
6、r encourage me to learn Japanese.备注:还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补。这时不定式要省略to.这些动词有:一感(feel),二听(hear,listen to),三让(let,make,have),四看(look at,see,watch,notice)。但是被动语态时,必须加上to.如:The boss made my friends work the whole night. My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss.4.不定式作定语 不定式作定语时,应放在名词之后.如果是不
7、及物动词,且与所修饰的词之间有动宾关系,要在不定式后加上适当的介词.如:There is nothing to worry about.5. 不定式常和疑问词what,which,when,where,how连用,构成疑问句+不定式结构,在句中作主语,宾语,语.如: The teacher is telling the students what to do. He didnt know where to go.6.常见的一些后跟不带to的动词不定式结构:Why not do.,Why dont you do.,had better do.,would rather do,could/woul
8、d/will you please do.I would rather stay at home.2. 动名词（一）形式基本形式:动词原形+ing 否定形式:not v-ing(二)动名词的句法功能功能例句说明主语Eating too much is bad for your health.有时可用it作形式主语宾语动词宾语I like playing basketball very much.表示一般的习惯或抽象行为介词宾语Stamps are used for sending letters./表语His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting sta
9、mps is his hobby.多数情况下,动名词作表语可转换成作主语定语She is in the reading room.We should improve our teaching methods./（三）动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese wel
10、l.(对于我们而言)学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间)（四）动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词)的宾语。1.及物动词+不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)说 明want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wi
11、sh(希望) + to (do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的
12、水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ Dont forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门）比较 He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话) / I remember calling you yesterday bu
13、t you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)2.及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)说明tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。如
14、：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do for todays homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)3.不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用it代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a
15、bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易)（五）动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。1.记住下面的一些结构：被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语)汉 语 意 思a keyto lock the door锁门的钥匙 a boxto hold these things装这些东西的箱子give her a bookto read给她一本书读Is there any (+名词/代词)to (do)? 有要(做的)吗?Its timeto go.是走的时间了。/ 该走了。Do you have any workto do?你有工作要做吗?Id like somethingto eat.我要点儿吃的
16、。I have nothingto say.我没有话要说。Would you like somethingto drink?你要点儿喝的吗？2.在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔)（六）动词不定式可以在句子中用作状语,有下列几种情况：1.放在不及物动词(come, go,
17、 stop, finish, wait等词)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)2.放在完整的谓语之后(即“谓语+宾语”、“谓语+宾语+补语”、“动词+表语”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)3.有时表示目的的不定式短语可以
18、放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)注意 stop to do 与stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)(不定式作“停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teacher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容)（七）动词不
19、定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球门)（八）动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。 谓 语 动 词(vt.)+ 宾语 (人 / 物)+不定式 (作宾语补足语)ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / +sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) /
20、 feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth.+ (do)如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作14小时)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) 注意 help之后做宾补的
21、不定式符号to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)二、动名词（一）动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或
22、状语等)构成动名词短语。（二）动名词可以作主语。一般可用it作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)（三）动名词可以作宾语。1.want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your car needs repairing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)2.remember / forg
23、e / stop / finish之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)3.enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Do you mind my clos
24、ing the door?(把门关上你介意吗？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)4.like / love / start / begin / learn后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We began
25、studying English when we were at primary school. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了)（四）动名词可以作表语,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来)（五）动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (动名词
26、短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)（六）后接动名词的情况1.其后常接动名词的动词及动词词组有finish，enjoy，practice，understand，mind，keep，consider，miss，avoid，suggest，admit，be worth，have difficulty/problems/troubl
27、e/fun in，waste time，cant help/stop，be used to(习惯于)等。2.其后既可以接动名词，也可接动词不定式的动词有love, like, prefer, begin, start, continue, remember, try, stop, forget, hate, need, allow, go on等。【辨析】动词(词组)后接动名词和不定式的区别Stop to have a rest for a moment. 停下来休息一会儿。Stop talking, please. 请停止说话。Please remember to post my lette
28、r.请记住把我的信寄出去。I remember posting your letter.我记得把你的信寄出去了。The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还亮着，他忘记关了。He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关灯了。Please try to do better next time.下次设法做得更好些。He tried speaking English to us.他试着用英语和我们谈话。We had supper and went on to watch TV
29、. 我们吃过晚饭，接着看电视。He didnt have a rest and went on working. 他没休息就继续工作。I regret to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾要这样做，但我没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔告诉她我的想法。I meant to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但我爸爸不让我去。Doing that means wasting time.那样做意味着浪费时间。注意介词后接动名词的动词短语有ke
30、ep.from, stop.from, make a contribution to, look forward to, spend.(in), be afraid of, be proud of, be used for, feel like, give up, be interested in, put off等。三、分词：包含现在分词和过去分词。（一）主要区别：1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义。the surprising news令人惊讶的消息a surprised man一个受惊吓的人2.在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作。the
31、 developing country 发展中国家the developed country 发达国家（二）分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。1.作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见
32、了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)谓语动词(vt.)宾语宾语补足语keep(保持) / see(看到) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)sb./sth.(do)ing2.现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack
33、 eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)3.现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即
34、将来到的口语考试)4.过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become interested in (对感兴趣)等等。例略。 5.过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我
35、让人给我理了发)(注意：have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)【同步练习】Why do you have the water _（run） all the time?Key:running考点一：考查非谓语动词用作主语：不定式或动名词用作主语，而分词不能担任句子中的主语。 典例1：2017天津Its very nice pictures for me. A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing【解析】考查It
36、s+形容词+of/for sb. +to do sth.句中it为形式主语，to do是真正的主语，当形容词是表示品质意思时，应该用of sb，其他形容词用for sb【答案】A举一反三1. (2017甘肃兰州39)_is the best way to keep a good relationship with your parents，teachers and other people around you.A. Active communicating B. Actively communicating C. Actively communication D. Active commun
37、icate2. (2017云南昆明25)Nowadays，its convenient and cheap for us _ a sharedbicycle.A. ride B. to ride C. flying D. to fly考点二：考查非谓语动词用作宾语典例2：2017淄博市一Its a bit cold Would you mind my _all the windows?一Do as you like，pleaseAclose B will close Cclosing Dto close 【解析】动词mind意为“介意”，后跟动词时，应使用ing形式。【答案】C举一反三1.20
38、17黔岭东南州.Mary and I enjoy _ badmintonAto play B playing Cplayed2.2017黔岭东南州-So hot in the classroomWould you mind _the windows?0KIll do it right nowA not closing B not opening C closing Dopening3.-Mr. Wang，I have trouble _the text一Remember _it three times at least威海市Ato understand；readingB understandi
39、ng；readingC understanding；to read Dto understand；to read at night 4.2017武汉-How are you feeling here?-Its quite hot. I dont know to go or stay. A. how B. when C. whether D. where5. 2017贵阳Many people think its very important us learn English well.A. for, to B. to, to C. with, for考点三：考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语原则上，
40、所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语，其区别是：不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成和被动。 典例3：2017北京市Alice asked me another bag for her. A. get B. got C. to get D. getting【解析】 ask sbto do sth表示让某人做某事，此句话的意思为:“爱丽丝叫我给她再带一个包。”【答案】C举一反三1. 2017长沙Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer.A. swim B. to swim C. swimming2.2017绍兴
41、-What did your sister say to you last night?-She asked me _my father her secret A. to tell not B. not to tellC. dont tellD. not tell3.2017咸宁Betty is often seen _the old man with his housework.A. helpB. to helpC. helpedD. helps4. 2017哈尔滨Time goes by so fast. We must never miss the chance to show love
42、 for our parents and make them _ how much they mean to us.A. to know B. knowing C. know5.2017包头.-How do you feel when you see the national flag of China?-It makes us _proud.A. feel B. to feelC. felt D. feeling考点四：、考查非谓语动词用作定语典例4：（2016江西省南昌） Shopping with me?Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . Ato washB
43、washedCwashDto be washed【解析】作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时，就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选A。【答案】A举一反三1.He wants some water .他想要些水喝。(动宾)A. to drink B. drink C.drinking 2. He has no friends to .他没有可以与之交谈的朋友。(介宾)A. talking to B. talked to C.talk with考点五：、考查非谓语动词用作状语 典例5： 2016重庆-Linda, I am very thirsty.-Lets go to the near
44、est supermarket some drinks, OK?A. buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying【解析】考查不定式作目的状语的用法。句意为：“咱们去最近的超级市场买些饮料。”【答案】C举一反三1.In order _the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.乐山A. makes B. makingC. to makeD. make2.一There goes the bell一Its time for class. Lets stop_.福州市A talk B to talk Ctalking Dnot talk【解析】答案C解析 动词stop后既可接动词不定式作宾语，即：stop to do sth，也可以接动词的一ing形式作定语，即：stop doing sth。前者表示停下来(开始)做后面的动作，后者表示停止当前的动作。由语境“铃响了，到了上课时间，应停止交谈”可知，应选C项。【答案】C3. (2017山东青岛 13)As a volunteer，the girl wants to visit sick kids in the hospital _ them up.A. to cheer B. che
