1、Morals,Apes and UsHow much do we know about us and other creatures?Primates 灵长类灵长类 Moral adj.only before noun Relating to right and wrong and the way people should behave Moral standards/principles/values/behaviour Moral dilemma Moral obligation/duty A moral person(a person always tries to behave in
2、 the right way)Synonym:ethicalAbout Moral Moral noun Morals:principles of right or wrong behavior that are generally accepted by a society Have morals Something that you can learn from a story or experience moral of About Moral“The fact that man knows right from wrong proves his intellectual superio
3、rity to the other creatures;but the fact that he can do wrong proves his moral inferiority to any creature that cannot”(Mark Twain).About Moral Based on what you have researched and your experience with animals,do you think Binti,the gorilla saved the three-year-old boy out of empathy(pity)or instin
4、ct?Give your reasons.Pre-reading Discussion What is the writers purpose of writing this article?Does the writer based his arguments on first-hand material?How many experiments have been conducted in the article,draw a table about each experiment with information about the experimenter,objective,proc
5、edure and findings or conclusions?experiments12345experimenter University of Zurich Ethologist Eduard StammbachwriterobjectiveTest their ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,Results or findingsDominant ones Inhibit their aggressionDiscussion que
6、stions Find out the train of thought of the writer?Work out the outline of the writing Do you think the writers arguments are convincing?How do you understand“but using an expression to predict a response is not the same as seeing the expression as an indication of anothers emotions at the time.(par
7、a.15)”?How do you think of“we can consciously evaluate whether behavior is right or wrongentwined with the self-interest shown by other animals.”?(Para.20)(1-4)Put forward the thesis:can other creatures share,cooperate,punish cheaters,show empathy,and act altruistically?(5-19)Experiments show animal
8、s are by no means robots driven solely by instinctual responses but no experiment to date has provided evidence that animals are aware of others beliefs or intentions,so there can be no ethical judgment.(20)conclusion:Asking what it means to be moral challenges us to think about how our own capacity
9、 for moral agency came about.Structure Analysis(1-4)Put forward the thesis:can other creatures share,cooperate,punish cheaters,show empathy,and act altruistically?(1)An event capture peoples attention:a female gorilla rescued an unconscious 3-year-old boy(2)People wonder about why gorilla did this(3
10、)So far,the answer is not clear.(4)The writers way of tackling the broadly concerned question of what mental traits cause us to behave morally and to what extent other animals possess those tools.Structure Analysis(5-6)An experiment tests macaque monkeys ability to rein in aggressive behavior and ac
11、t cooperatively.(5)introduce the procedures of the experiment(6)The result of the experiment:although the monkeys would control their aggressive behavior and act cooperatively,their position in the community would not change.At first,threatento keep them away Then,learnfollow and waited to grab Befo
12、re long,approached peacefully and allowed Furthergrooming even duringStructure Analysis(7-8)Inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining social conventions among them.(7)monkeys have a rudimentary sense of ownership and respect for property.(8)By defending and respecting the ownership and property
13、,the monkeys in the experiment shows how inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining social conventions among them.Structure Analysis(9-10)Experiments tested the possibility that rule-breakers in a community would be punished.(9)Through the first experiment,it seems that individuals were being pu
14、nished for being inappropriately silent,for deceptively withholding information about a rich food source.(10)outsiders wont be attacked thus indicates:members of an established rhesus community abide by a rule that says:attack members that find food and dont share it.Structure Analysis(5-10)Research
15、 indicates that animals can inhibit their impulses and punish those who violate community rules.(5-6)An experiment tests macaque monkeys ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperatively(7-8)Inhibition plays a crucial role in maintaining social conventions among them.(9-10)Experiments tes
16、ted the possibility that rule-breakers in a community would be punished.Structure Analysis(11)To prove Bintis behavior out of empathy,scientists have to prove that animals understand the thoughts and feelings of others.(transition)Structure Analysis(12-16)Many Experiments done before have provided a
17、 window on animal emotion that has yet to be opened by more recent scientific observations.(13)one experiment was designed to see if a monkey could interpret another monkeys facial expression.(14)the assumption under the experiment and its result(15)using an expression to predict a response is not t
18、he same as seeing the expression as indication of anothers emotions.(16)we could not prove monkeys response is motivated by empathy.Structure Analysis(17-18)The experiment shows animals tended to show altruistic behavior to each other.But there are more possibility for their altruism.(19)Analysis an
19、d conclusion of the experiments:since no experiment to date has provided evidence that animals are aware of others beliefs or intentions,there can be no ethical judgment.(20)conclusion:Asking what is means to be moral challenges us to think about how our own capacity for moral agency came about.Stru
20、cture Analysis some aspect of history,sociology,political philosophy,literary criticism,or many other fields.avoid colloquialism Use of formal words and terms Highly varied and long and complex sentence structures A concern for And to date,no study of ape intelligence comes close to showing that ora
21、ngutans,gorillas,or chimpanzees have the mental sophistication of a 10-year-old human.(Para.3)Language Points nearly show Complex intellectual ability And one incident is not enough to warrant conclusions.(Para.3)Language PointsVt.Provide adequate grounds for/justify But Bintis actions do raise the
22、public and scientific interest in the broad question of what mental traits cause us to behave morally and to what extent other animal possess those tools.(Para.4)Language PointsDistinctive features of the mindProvoke/bring about the publics as well as the scientists interest in Act in the right way
23、As a psychologist,Im interested in the techniques we use to get at these questions:Can other creatures share,cooperate,punish cheaters,show empathy,and act altruistically.(Para.4)Language PointsIn a way that shows you care about other people and their interests more than you care about yourselfunder
24、standpity In a 1988 study,University of Zurich ethologist Eduard Stammbach set up an experiment with long-tailed macaque monkeys to test their ability to rein in aggressive behavior and act cooperatively.(Para.5)Language PointsRein in/rein back:to limit or control something that has developed too mu
25、ch or continued for too long Designed an experiment Rather than chasing specialists away or eating all their popcorn,they began to inhibit their aggression.Language PointsInstead of Driving the specialist awayRestrain their warlike behavior Specialist kept their low rank but were allowed a moment at
26、 the high table when their skills were of use to the royalty.Language PointsHigh table Br E:a table at a formal meal where the most important people eat,for example at a traditional university Although these might seem to be strictly human concerns,territorial animals such as sunfish,lizards,sparrow
27、s,and gibbons are invested in these issues.Language Pointsbe cared about only by the human beingsare devoted to/committed to Staying close to the tube and looking at it were not sufficient cues of ownership from the dominants perspective.A dominant macaque would appear to inhibit its impulse to grab
28、 the tube if a subordinate held it close to its body.Language PointsIn the dominants point of viewHold back its motivating force But in any social situation with conventions,individuals often find that it pays to break the rules.Language PointsIt pays to do:it is worthwhile(profitable)to doIt pays t
29、o do:it needs to pay a price to do It was as if individuals were being punished for being inappropriately silent,for deceptively withholding information about a rich food source.Language Pointsrefusing to offering information in a misleading way They beelined to the food and either consumed it on th
30、e spot or gobbled a few pieces and then moved to a new location with a stash.Language Pointsate it without delayWalked to the food in the straight courseGulped a few piecesout of sight It seems likely that the actors picked up on a change in the activity of the receivers,one that was consistent enou
31、gh to predict the shock.Language PointsBecame familiar with This experiment left many loose ends.Although it is clear that rhesus monkeys can learn to avoid shock by attending to a facial expression,we dont know if this response is motivated by empathy,and empathy is necessary for altruism.Language
32、PointsFinal details that have not yet been dealt with(very formal)to pay attention to impelled There is no ambiguity about what the gorilla did.Would she have acted in the same way towards It pays to break the rules.There is no way to predict Sentence structure Capture an event Capture ones attentio
33、n Capture ones heart Fully grasp the distinction between Raise the public and scientific interest in Set up an experiment Receive a popcorn treat Maintain social conventionsExpressions Rein in aggressive behavior Refrain from pulling the chain Inhibit the impulse Abide by a rule/adhere to Break the
34、rules/violate community rules Employ rulelike strategiesExpressionsvEvolution is the theory that modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.v Darwin is the man who came up with the Theory of Evolution.In 1831 he went to different remote islands.The trip lasted for 5 years.30 years later
35、he actually published a book on his theory of Natural Selection.&Individuals whose characteristics are well suited to their environment survive.&Individuals whose characteristics are not well suited to their environment either die or leave fewer offspring.&Rattlesnakes with no rattlesWild animals sh
36、ow similar tendencies like what domestic animals have.Deer-competition amongst males to be a suitor.Taller plants will receive sunshine.Plants that root deeply will get water.Animals competition for food-bird nestsCreationism(创造宇宙说)The position that the account of the creation of the universe given at the beginning of the Bible is literally true.The primal story to explain all of human existence and the world Being Human is to be God like and different from the rest of creation Communicable(shared)attributes of God Mind Attributes of Intellect Heart Moral Attributes Will Attributes of Purpose
