1、8/8/20221Course of Metallurgy 冶金教程冶金教程 Part 2 Heat Treatments and Surface Treatments 第二部分第二部分 热处理与表面处理热处理与表面处理A.MantiniQuality 2 Wheels8/8/20222INDEX 索引索引 1 Heat treatments of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理 -Annealing 退火退火 -Normalizing 正火正火 -Quenching 淬火淬火 -Tempering 回火回火 -Stress Relieving 应力消除应力消除 2 Surface The
2、rmo Chemical Treatments of steels 钢的表面热钢的表面热-化学处理化学处理 -Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化 -Nitriding 滲氮 3-Protection Surface Treatments of steels 钢的表面保护处理钢的表面保护处理 -Phosphating 磷化磷化 -Zinc Plating (Galvanizing)and Dacromet 镀锌与镀锌与 Dacromet -Chrome Plating 镀铬镀铬8/8/20223Heat Treatment of Steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理1-ANNEALIN
3、G 退火退火 Ferrite and Pearlite(globular)铁素体与珠光体铁素体与珠光体(球状球状)2-NORMALIZING 正火正火 Ferrite and Pearlite(lamellar)铁素体与珠光体铁素体与珠光体(薄片状薄片状)3 QUENCHING(Hardening)淬火淬火(淬水淬水)Martensite,Bainite 马氏体，贝氏体马氏体，贝氏体4-TEMPERING 回火回火 Tempering Martensite(Sorbite)马氏体回火马氏体回火(富氮碳钛矿富氮碳钛矿)5 STRESS RELIEVING 消除应力消除应力 Martensite
4、马氏体马氏体6 SURFACE HARDENING(Quenching+Tempering+Surface Quenching+Stress Relieving)表面硬化表面硬化(淬火淬火+回火回火+表面淬火表面淬火+消除应力消除应力)7 DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS(Case Hardening,Nitriding)渗透热渗透热-化学处理化学处理(表面硬化与渗氮表面硬化与渗氮)8/8/20224Heat Treatment of Steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理TimeTemperature C 温度温度AC3AC1g ga a+g ga aNo
5、rmalizing正火正火Quenching淬火淬火MSTempering 回火回火Annealing退火退火Stress Relieving消除应力消除应力8/8/20225Heat Treatments of Steels钢的热处理钢的热处理TimeTemperature CAC3AC1g ga a+g ga aMSMFQuenching+Tempering 淬火淬火+回火回火8/8/20226Heat Treatments of Steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrMo4 钢钢38NiCrMo4 Workmanship annealing:工艺退火工艺退火-aust
6、enitizing 850C for 1 hour,furnace cooling.奥氏体化奥氏体化 850 C 一个小时，炉冷一个小时，炉冷Microstructure:Ferrite-Pearlite with globular pearlite 显微组织：铁素体显微组织：铁素体-球状珠光体球状珠光体Brinell Hardness HB=180布氏硬度布氏硬度 HB=180Ultimate Strength R=635 N/mm2 极限强度极限强度 R=635 N/mm2 8/8/20227Heat Treatments of Steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrM
7、o4Normalized:austenitizing 860C for 30,air cooling(out of furnace)正火：奥氏体化正火：奥氏体化 860 C 30分钟，空冷分钟，空冷(在炉外在炉外)Microstructure:Ferrite-Pearlite with lamellar pearlite.显微组织：铁素体显微组织：铁素体-薄片状珠光体。薄片状珠光体。Rockwell Hardness HRC=20洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC=20Ultimate Strength R=770 N/mm2 极限强度极限强度 R=770 N/mm2Yield Strength RS=
8、600 N/mm2A5=20%屈服强度屈服强度 RS=600 N/mm2A5=20%Toughness KCU=200 Joules韧性韧性/刚性刚性 KCU=200 Joules8/8/20228Heat Treatment of Steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching:austenitizing 860C for 30,oil cooling淬火：奥氏体化淬火：奥氏体化860 C 30分钟，油冷分钟，油冷Microstructure:Acicular Martensite.显微组织：针状奥氏体显微组织：针状奥氏体Rockwell Hardness
9、 HRC=55洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC=55Ultimate strength R=1980 N/mm2极限强度极限强度 R=1980 N/mm2Yield strength RS=N.D.A%=N.D 屈服强度屈服强度 RS=N.D.A%=N.DKCU=N.D.8/8/20229Heat Treatments of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching:austenitizing 860C for 30,salt bath at 330C for 1 hour,air cooling淬火：奥氏体化淬火：奥氏体化 860 C 30 分钟，分钟，在在
10、330 C 盐浴一个盐浴一个小时，小时，空冷空冷Microstructure:Bainite显微组织：贝氏体显微组织：贝氏体Rockwell Hardness HRC=42洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC=42Ultimate Strength R=1347 N/mm2 极限强度极限强度 R=1347 N/mm2Yield Strength RS=1200 N/mm2A5=15%屈服强度屈服强度 RS=1200 N/mm2A5=15%KCU=130 Joules8/8/202210Heat Treatment of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching:a
11、ustenitizing 860C for 30,oil cooling淬火：淬火：奥氏体化奥氏体化 860 C 30分钟，油冷分钟，油冷Stress relieving:200C for 2 hours消除应力：消除应力：200C 达达2个小时个小时Microstructure:Acicular Martensite 显微组织：针尖状马氏体显微组织：针尖状马氏体Rockwell Hardness HRC=52洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC=52Ultimate strength R=1820 N/mm2 极限强度极限强度 R=1820 N/mm2Yield Strength RS=1550 N/m
12、m2A5=8%屈服强度屈服强度 RS=1550 N/mm2A5=8%KCU=30 Joules8/8/202211Heat Treatment of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理Steel 38NiCrMo4Quenching:austenitizing 860C for 30,oil cooling.淬火：奥氏体化淬火：奥氏体化 860 C 达达30分钟，油冷分钟，油冷Tempering:600C for 2 hours回火回火600 C达达2小时小时 Microstructure:Tempered Martensite (Sorbite).显微组织：显微组织：回火马氏体回火马氏体(富
13、氮碳钛矿富氮碳钛矿)Rockwell Hardness HRC=32洛氏硬度洛氏硬度 HRC=32 Ultimate Strength R=1050 N/mm2 极限强度极限强度 R=1050 N/mm2Yield Strength RS=900 N/mm2A5=14%屈服强度屈服强度 RS=900 N/mm2A5=14%KCU=120 Joules8/8/202212Heat Treatment of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理8/8/202213Heat Treatments of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理8/8/202214Heat Treatments of stee
14、ls 钢的热处理钢的热处理8/8/202215Heat Treatments of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理8/8/202216Heat Treatments of steels 钢的热处理钢的热处理8/8/202217Surface Hardening 表面处理表面处理Surface hardening(induction hardening)on crankshaft对曲轴的表面处理对曲轴的表面处理(感应淬水感应淬水)8/8/202218 DIFFUSION THERMO CHEMICAL TREATMENTS 渗透热化学处理渗透热化学处理With the diffusion t
15、hermo chemical treatment is obtained the modification of the superficial characteristics of a material by the diffusion(trough the surface)of an alloying element.For the steels the more diffused treatments are the Case Hardening and the Nit riding.通过渗透通过渗透(经表层经表层)合金元素而改善材料的表面特性，这就被称为渗透热化学处理。对于钢来说，渗透
16、力较合金元素而改善材料的表面特性，这就被称为渗透热化学处理。对于钢来说，渗透力较为明显的是表面硬化为明显的是表面硬化(渗碳渗碳)以及渗氮。以及渗氮。1-Case Hardening:表面硬化表面硬化(渗碳渗碳)Solid Case Hardening(into a box)固体表面硬化固体表面硬化(在箱子中在箱子中)(固体渗碳固体渗碳)Liquid Case Hardening 液体表面硬化液体表面硬化 (液体渗碳液体渗碳)Gas Case Hardening 气体表面硬化气体表面硬化 (气体渗碳气体渗碳)2-Nitriding:渗氮渗氮 Gas Nitriding 气体渗氮气体渗氮 Ioni
17、c Nitriding 离子渗氮离子渗氮8/8/202219Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化TrattamentoTermicoMetodomisuradellospessoreDurezzadellasuperficieindurita (3)Spessori in mmClassi(1)(2)Cmt 05Cmt 10Cmt 20Cmt 30Cmt 50Cmt 65Cmt 80Cmt 100Carbocement.EfficaceHRC0,150,370,260,470,470,680,681,001,101,431,431,751,752,151,501,90(Cmt)Mac
18、ro59 630,050,150,100,200,200,300,300,450,500,650,650,800,801,001,001,20 (3)Spessori in mmClassiCarbn 05Carbn 10Carbn 20Carbn 30Carbn 50(4)Carbonitruraz.EfficaceHRC0,150,370,260,470,470,680,681,001,101,43(Carbn)Macro59 630,050,150,100,200,200,300,300,450,500,658/8/202220Case Hardening表面硬化表面硬化8/8/2022
19、21Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化8/8/202222Case Hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves:steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer).4冲程冲程4 气门的发动机的摇臂：钢气门的发动机的摇臂：钢16CrNi4 接合层与镀铬接合层与镀铬层层(白色层白色层)The cemented layer(darker colour)is under of the layer of hard chrome.结合层结合层(较暗色较暗色)
20、处于硬铬层之下处于硬铬层之下At core could be noticed a typical martensitic structure obtainable by quenching a low carbon steel.在芯部可以看到有因低碳钢淬火而产生的典型的马氏体组在芯部可以看到有因低碳钢淬火而产生的典型的马氏体组织。织。x 2008/8/202223Case hardening 硬化硬化Rocker arms of an engine 4 Strokes 4 Valves:steel 16CrNi4 cemented and chrome plated (white layer)
21、.4冲程冲程4 气门的发动机的摇臂：钢气门的发动机的摇臂：钢16CrNi4 接合层与镀铬层接合层与镀铬层(白色层白色层)The cemented layer(darker colour)is under of the layer of hard chrome and it shows a crack due to a localized overheating caused by a wrong grinding operation.接合层接合层(较暗色较暗色)处于硬铬层之下处于硬铬层之下.因为磨削而导致局部过热因为磨削而导致局部过热，造成一道裂痕。造成一道裂痕。The cemented la
22、yer appears altered in the superficial side(of darker colour)接合层在表面的一侧似乎改变了接合层在表面的一侧似乎改变了(较深色的较深色的)X 5008/8/202224Case hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4 表面硬化钢表面硬化钢16CrNi4 Carburizing:900C for 10 hours,渗碳：渗碳：900 C 10 个小时个小时Quenching:800C in oil,淬火：淬火：800 C 油淬油淬 Stress relieving:150C for
23、2 hours.消除应力：消除应力：150C 2小时小时 Air cooling.空冷空冷Surface Hardness HRC=65表面硬度表面硬度 HRC=65Surface Microstructure:thin martensite表面显微组织：表面显微组织：薄的马氏体薄的马氏体8/8/202225Case hardening 表面硬化表面硬化Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面硬化表面硬化 钢钢16CrNi4 Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除了芯部外，除了芯部外，与之前的图片是一
24、样的样本与之前的图片是一样的样本Core hardness HB=327 (HRC=35)芯部硬度芯部硬度 HB=327 (HRC=35)Microstructure:acicular martensite with ferrite islands 显微组织：含铁素体岛的针状马氏体显微组织：含铁素体岛的针状马氏体8/8/202226Case hardening 表面硬度表面硬度Case Hardening Steel 16CrNi4表面硬度表面硬度 钢钢 16CrNi4Material submitted to gas case hardening,汽油表面硬度处理材料汽油表面硬度处理材料qu
25、enched in oil from 840C and stress relieved 180 C for 2 hours从从 840C 进行油淬，并且进行油淬，并且180 C 消除应力消除应力2 个小个小时时Surface Hardness HRC=58表面硬度表面硬度 HRC=58Surface Microstructure:Martensite with retained Austenite(5-6%)表面显微组织：残余奥氏体表面显微组织：残余奥氏体(5-6%)+马氏体马氏体8/8/202227Case hardening 表面硬度表面硬度8/8/202228Nitriding 渗氮渗氮
26、8/8/202229Nitriding 渗氮渗氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7(no metallographic etching)渗氮钢渗氮钢 41CrAlMo7(无金相侵蚀无金相侵蚀)Quenched in oil from 880C,tempered at 550C for 3 hours.从从880 C 油淬油淬，550C 回火回火3个小时个小时Nitriding:530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.渗氮：在离解氨中渗氮：在离解氨中50小时小时 530 C Surface Hardness HV=1000表面硬度表面硬度
27、 HV=1000 You could see the surface layer of surface nitrides of iron and chrome sayings white blanket.”从铁与铬渗氮表面的表面层，你可以感受到这么句俗语从铁与铬渗氮表面的表面层，你可以感受到这么句俗语“白毯子白毯子”x 5008/8/202230Nitriding 渗氮渗氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7(metallographic etching)渗氮钢渗氮钢 41CrAlMo7(金相腐蚀金相腐蚀)Quenched in oil from 880C,Tempered at
28、 550C for 3 hours.从从880 C 油淬油淬，550C 回火回火3个小时个小时Nitriding:530C for 50 hours in dissociated ammonia.渗氮：在离解氨中渗氮：在离解氨中50小时小时 530 CSurface Hardness HV=1000表面硬度表面硬度 HV=1000 Sub Superficial Microstructure:nitrides of iron and chrome lattice into Sorbite matrix.表面下层金相组织：铁和铬渗氮后晶格为富碳氮钛矩阵表面下层金相组织：铁和铬渗氮后晶格为富碳氮钛
29、矩阵.8/8/202231Nitriding 渗氮渗氮Nitriding Steel 41CrAlMo7渗氮钢渗氮钢 41CrAlMo7Same specimen than the precedent photograph but at core除芯部外，与之前的图片的样本一样除芯部外，与之前的图片的样本一样Core Hardness HRC=38芯部硬度芯部硬度HRC=38 Microstructure:Tempered Martensite (Sorbite)显微组织：回火马氏体显微组织：回火马氏体(索氏体索氏体)8/8/202232Phosphating 磷化磷化The Phosphat
30、ing is a superficial treatment protection that consists of the cover the surface of a steel manufactured article by a compact layer of Phosphates of Zinc and Manganese.磷化是属于一种对表面进行保护的处理。磷化是属于一种对表面进行保护的处理。就是在机器制成品的表面覆盖就是在机器制成品的表面覆盖一层密致的磷酸锌和磷酸锰。一层密致的磷酸锌和磷酸锰。There are the phosphating against the rust(F
31、 FAR Z,phosphates of zinc and iron)and the phosphating against the seizure(FF-AG,phosphates of manganese and iron).磷化防锈磷化防锈(F FAR Z，磷化锌与磷化铁磷化锌与磷化铁)和磷化防和磷化防seizure(FF-AG,磷化锰与磷化铁磷化锰与磷化铁)Both the treatments consist of the immersion of the finished piece(and polished up in surface)in a bath of melt phos
32、phorus salts with opportune additions of oxidant and catalysts agents.两种处理都是将完成的料件两种处理都是将完成的料件(表面有打磨表面有打磨)浸入盛有溶化了的磷酸盐的池中并适当的添有氧化物与催化剂浸入盛有溶化了的磷酸盐的池中并适当的添有氧化物与催化剂.The process has completed by a passivation that consists of the immersion of the piece in oil of peculiar characteristics;for the high stre
33、ngth steels is advisable a careful dehydrogenation(180C x 2h)within four hours from the treatment.此过程由此过程由“钝化钝化”得以完成，就是将料件浸入有着特殊特点的油中；对于高强度的钢，建议在进行了此处理的得以完成，就是将料件浸入有着特殊特点的油中；对于高强度的钢，建议在进行了此处理的4个小时时进行精心个小时时进行精心的脱氢作用的脱氢作用(180C x 2h)To check the uniformity of the layers is applied to brief exposures in
34、 salt spray test(60);24-48 hours if oiled.为了检测层的均匀，在盐雾测试中为了检测层的均匀，在盐雾测试中(60)将其短时暴露；如果浸油的话，将其短时暴露；如果浸油的话，24-48 小时小时8/8/202233Zinc Plating and Dacromet 镀锌与镀锌与DacrometThe zinc is a material fewer noble than the iron and accordingly when the two materials are simultaneously in presence of an aggressive
35、agent the zinc corrodes for first;in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.锌的抗腐能力不及铁，因此当这两种物质同时遇到较富侵略性的物质时，锌会首先受到腐蚀，锌的抗腐能力不及铁，因此当这两种物质同时遇到较富侵略性的物质时，锌会首先受到腐蚀，in this way until there is zinc the steel to it joined does not come corroded.For this reason has been inv
36、ented the technical of Zinc Plating that consists of the cover a manufactured article of steel with a thin layer but uniform and compact of pure zinc.基于以上原因，就发明了利用其特性的镀锌，就是在机器制成品的钢的表面覆盖一层薄，均衡与密致的纯锌涂层。基于以上原因，就发明了利用其特性的镀锌，就是在机器制成品的钢的表面覆盖一层薄，均衡与密致的纯锌涂层。According to the technology of deposition are spok
37、en about Deep Galvanization(immersion of the manufactured article in a bath of fused zinc)and of Electrolytic Galvanization(immersion in a electrolytic bath and deposition of the zinc by means of passage of current electric);in this case the high strength steels must be subjected to dehydrogenation
38、heat treatment.根据所说及的深层镀锌根据所说及的深层镀锌(将机器制成成品浸入有溶化锌的池中将机器制成成品浸入有溶化锌的池中)及其电解镀锌及其电解镀锌(沉浸在电解池，通入电流，产生锌沉积物沉浸在电解池，通入电流，产生锌沉积物)的沉积物的沉积物的工艺，在这种情形下，要获取高强度的钢就要通过脱氢热处理的工艺，在这种情形下，要获取高强度的钢就要通过脱氢热处理。In the applications of our interest is preponderant the use of the electrolytic galvanization with film of zinc with
39、 thickness from 7 to 15 microns,followed by passivation of the zinc in way to increase the resistance to the atmospheric oxidation.基于工业上的效益考虑，较常用的是厚度为基于工业上的效益考虑，较常用的是厚度为7-15微米的电镀锌膜，随后是锌的钝化，以此来增强抗氧化性。微米的电镀锌膜，随后是锌的钝化，以此来增强抗氧化性。8/8/202234Zinc Plating and Dacromet 镀锌与镀锌与 达可罗达可罗An evolution of the proces
40、s of galvanization is the Dacromet that consists of the superficial deposition of metallic zinc through an organic varnish.镀锌工序的发展称为镀锌工序的发展称为Dacromet.是通过一层有机清漆而产生表面的金属锌的沉积。是通过一层有机清漆而产生表面的金属锌的沉积。The treatment has performed for immersion follows from centrifugal(at the end of remove the excess of varn
41、ish)and following passivation.此处理是将料件沉浸与离心此处理是将料件沉浸与离心(最终去除过多的清漆最终去除过多的清漆)，然后钝化。，然后钝化。The treatment of dacromet is more expensive than the galvanization but in remuneration do not require dehydrogenation and it allows of double the times of resistance in salt spray test.Dacromet处理比镀锌昂贵但是其好处是不再需要进行脱氢
42、且可以在盐雾处理比镀锌昂贵但是其好处是不再需要进行脱氢且可以在盐雾 试验中耐腐蚀时间试验中耐腐蚀时间增加一倍增加一倍For the galvanization that for the dacromet the passivation happens by immersion of the pieces in baths of salts of chromic ions,extremely dangerous for whom he performs the treatments and on the way of have set outlaw.钝化工序就是将料件浸入在有铬离子的盐池中。如果
43、没有按要求操作的话，操作员会处于很危险境况中。钝化工序就是将料件浸入在有铬离子的盐池中。如果没有按要求操作的话，操作员会处于很危险境况中。8/8/202235Chrome plating 镀铬镀铬The Chrome Platings are treatment used for confer or a better wear resistance(Hard Chrome Plating)or a better appearance to metallic manufactured items(Decorative Chrome Plating).镀铬处理会赋予或增强耐磨性能镀铬处理会赋予或增
44、强耐磨性能(硬的镀铬硬的镀铬)，或者还会使金属加工物外观更佳。，或者还会使金属加工物外观更佳。(装饰性的镀铬装饰性的镀铬)Sometime the difference is only theoretical because in each circumstance even the ornamental plating is composed by more thin layers of hard material(Nickel)below a“flash”of chrome and it has a function of wear resistance however.其实，有时候以上的
45、所描述的区别只是理论上的而已。因为在各种环境下即使是装饰性的镀层其实，有时候以上的所描述的区别只是理论上的而已。因为在各种环境下即使是装饰性的镀层,在铬飞边在铬飞边/批峰下的，亦有很多的批峰下的，亦有很多的薄的硬材料薄的硬材料(镍镍),而它同样具有耐磨性能而它同样具有耐磨性能In any particularly serious applications(high wear resistance)and in which there is not interest or for the appearance or the corrosion resistance are used“thic”l
46、ayers of only chome above an anchorage of copper.在要求较特殊或严格时在要求较特殊或严格时(高耐磨性高耐磨性)，或不考虑成本时，或为了外观因素，或考虑到抗腐蚀要求时，所用的处理方式是在铜上面镀，或不考虑成本时，或为了外观因素，或考虑到抗腐蚀要求时，所用的处理方式是在铜上面镀上厚铬层。上厚铬层。8/8/202236Chrome Plating 镀铬镀铬x 500Hard Chrome Plating on rocker arms of 500 cc 4 Strokes 4 Valves engine500 cc 的的4冲程冲程4阀的发动机上的硬镀铬
47、层阀的发动机上的硬镀铬层Only layer of columnar chrome with thickness of 50-60 micrometers 厚度为厚度为50-60 micrometers 唯一的柱形铬层唯一的柱形铬层8/8/202237Chrome Plating 镀铬镀铬X 500Ornamental chrome plating装饰性镀铬装饰性镀铬Two layers of hard Nickel(opaque+skinny)and a“flash”of chrome(not visible into microphotograph)两层硬镍两层硬镍(不透明不透明+膜状膜状
48、)和铬和铬“飞边飞边/批峰批峰”(在在缩影照片中看不见缩影照片中看不见)8/8/202238Chrome Plating镀铬镀铬X 500High Decorative Chrome Plating极具装饰性的镀铬极具装饰性的镀铬Double layer of opaque nickel with interposed a layer of copper,underlying to a layer of skinny nickel,more the usual flash of chrome.双层的双层的 镍，穿插一层铜，下面是一层膜状的镍镍，穿插一层铜，下面是一层膜状的镍，表面是更光亮的铬层表面是更光亮的铬层.
