1、P.1/11绪论绪论2022-8-8P.2/11绪论绪论2022-8-8ABP.3/11绪论绪论2022-8-8无外电无外电场场0E加外电加外电场场P.4/11绪论绪论2022-8-80E外场外场感应感应 E0E导体的静电感应过程导体的静电感应过程0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0E0E外场外场感应感应E0EP.5/11绪论绪论2022-8-8导体的静电感应过程导体的静电感应过程E静电平衡状态静电平衡状态0E E00EEEP.6/11绪论绪论2022
2、-8-8(1).(1).静电平衡条件：静电平衡条件：P.7/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 证：证：SPSSdE00内Siq 0EP.8/11绪论绪论2022-8-8QSSSdE00E0内Siq-S内无净电荷存在内无净电荷存在P.9/11绪论绪论2022-8-8qQqqP.10/11绪论绪论2022-8-8PS S SESSdESSdESE0S0EP.11/11绪论绪论2022-8-8RrQqRrRQUR041RRR02440RRP.12/11绪论绪论2022-8-8rqUr041rRRrrrr02440rrRrUU P.13/11绪论绪论2022-8-8A0EAP.14/11绪论绪论2022-
3、8-8P.15/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 qdx q qROP.16/11绪论绪论2022-8-8EEE0EE 0)(420idqidq204RqRqRdqUq0004440RO q qqdP.17/11绪论绪论2022-8-8dqU040UUUdq04RqdqU0100440qdRq1ROqd1qP.18/11绪论绪论2022-8-81r2r3rP.19/11绪论绪论2022-8-81rr 21rrr32rrr3rr 1r2r3rqqqQ01E02024rrqE03E02044rrQqEP.20/11绪论绪论2022-8-811rrdEU321202044rrrdrrQqdrrq3210
4、41rQqrqrq32142rrrr dEr dEP.21/11绪论绪论2022-8-832rrdEU34rr dE3204rdrrQq304rQq21UUU210114rrqP.22/11绪论绪论2022-8-80321EEE03044rrQqE3421rrdEUUdrrQqr3204304rQqP.23/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 03024rrqE0431EEEqq2121rrr dEU)11(4210rrq21UUU1UP.24/11绪论绪论2022-8-83020101444rQqrqrqU0Qrrrrrrrrq12231312 q q qQP.25/11绪论绪论2022-8-83
5、024rQqU q q qQ1323210124rrrrrrrrQP.26/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 1234P.27/11绪论绪论2022-8-81234SSSs dE32010P040302012222pE04132P.28/11绪论绪论2022-8-8qS)(21qS)(43SqSq43210041Sq/2Sq/323P.29/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 0302222ESq0方向向右方向向右03E230302122E0P.30/11绪论绪论2022-8-8qS)(210)()(43213241032qS)(4314Sq41P.31/11绪论绪论2022-8-8140401122E
6、Sq00401222E00401322ESq0P.32/11绪论绪论2022-8-8解:1=4 2=-31234P.33/11绪论绪论2022-8-8P.34/11绪论绪论2022-8-80ep甲烷甲烷 CHCH4 4HHHHCP.35/11绪论绪论2022-8-8水水 H H2 2O OHHOep0epP.36/11绪论绪论2022-8-80E0EeplP.37/11绪论绪论2022-8-81f2f0E0EeplP.38/11绪论绪论2022-8-8VpPiP.39/11绪论绪论2022-8-8：EPe0 P.40/11绪论绪论2022-8-8PlnnPldSP.41/11绪论绪论2022-
7、8-8lcosPnPnPnnPldSP.42/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 EEE0000E EEEE0P.43/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 PPn EPe0eEE10er1rEE0-相对介电系数相对介电系数讨论：讨论：1rrEE00E-极化电荷的电场将自由电荷极化电荷的电场将自由电荷的电场部分抵消的缘故的电场部分抵消的缘故0rP.44/11绪论绪论2022-8-8SSqSdE内01非常不方便！非常不方便！P.45/11绪论绪论2022-8-8PED0SSqSdD内0DDEEr0-介质的介电常数介质的介电常数P.46/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 线与线与 线的区别线的区别 EDc.Ed.D
8、 E DP.47/11绪论绪论2022-8-8nPEPe0EEDr0SSqSdD内0rEE0或P.48/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 221111r0V0E1D1E2D2EP.49/11绪论绪论2022-8-8221111r1D1E2D2E 00EdEV00rrEE01101022EP.50/11绪论绪论2022-8-8dEdE2121EE r12SSS2221221P.51/11绪论绪论2022-8-8rr121r12258520221EE052052EdEV1dE052V120P.52/11绪论绪论2022-8-8-孤立导体的电容孤立导体的电容UqC P.53/11绪论绪论2022-8-8
9、ABqqAUBU3.3.定义定义BAUUqC-电容器的电容电容器的电容P.54/11绪论绪论2022-8-8：P.55/11绪论绪论2022-8-8qABrSdqEl dEUUBABAEdSqdr0Sqr0BAUUqCdSr0P.56/11绪论绪论2022-8-8ABARBRlrrEr02P.57/11绪论绪论2022-8-8l dEUUBABAEdrBARRrdrrRRBA.20ABrRRln20BAUUqCABrRRlln20ABrRRlln20P.58/11绪论绪论2022-8-8204rqErBRARABrl dEUUBABA)11(40BArRRqEdrBARRBAUUqCABBAr
10、RRRR04P.59/11绪论绪论2022-8-8P.60/11绪论绪论2022-8-81.1.并联并联:1C2C3CnCUUqC Uqqqn21nCCC21niiC1P.61/11绪论绪论2022-8-82.2.串联串联:UUqCnUUUq21nCqCqCqq/21P.62/11绪论绪论2022-8-8nCCCC111121niiC11P.63/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 dCCCdrr111d2d3dd1C2C3CCP.64/11绪论绪论2022-8-8201dSC102dSCr303dSC133221321CCCCCCCCCC3211111CCCC3210dddSrrP.65/11绪论
11、绪论2022-8-8 132ddddddCSdrr)1(101dCCrr11dCCCrr1P.66/11绪论绪论2022-8-8331221dEdEdEU301020dddrUqC US3210dddSrr同样可证同样可证1d2d3ddP.67/11绪论绪论2022-8-8ABdqqqECQW2212)(21BAUUC)(21BAUUQP.68/11绪论绪论2022-8-82021ErDEwe21dVWeVdVErV2021P.69/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 d dP.70/11绪论绪论2022-8-8ddSC0UCQddSU0212CQW 2021UddSP.71/11绪论绪论2022-8-8 21 2CQW 220)(21UddSddSC0 WWA220)(21UdddSP.72/11绪论绪论2022-8-8电场是能量携带者的观点：电场是能量携带者的观点：WWA)(VVe)(2120ddSSdEdSE2021220)(21UdddSd d
