1、Unit4 GrammarA huge crack that was eight kilometers long and thirty meters wide cut across houses,roads and canals.1.一条一条8公里长公里长30米宽的米宽的巨大裂缝横穿房舍，马巨大裂缝横穿房舍，马路和渠道。路和渠道。The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.2.死伤的死伤的人数达到人数达到40多万。多万。Translate the following sentences.5.
2、救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.3.接着，那天下午晚些的时候，又一次接着，那天下午晚些的时候，又一次和第一次和第一次一样强烈的一样强烈的地震震撼这唐山。地震震撼这唐山。Then,later that afternoon,another big quake which was almost as strong as the first one shook Tangshan.4.部队组成小组将受困的人挖出来，将死者掩埋。The army organiz
3、ed teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.3)The time when he was born is February 17th,1955.2)He is a writer who has written many popular books.1)He is a man whose parents are farmers.4)The place where he was born is Gaomi County(县),Shandong Province.5)He is the first one who w
4、on the Nobel Prize in literature in China._Find some clauses(从句)that are used to modify(修饰)a noun or a pronoun(代词).What do we call the underlined clauses?The Attributive Clause(定语从句)a man a writer The time The place the first one What do we call the words in red?What do we call the words in blue?who
5、se who when where who Antecedent(先行词)Relatives(关系词)StructureThe right structure(结构)of attributive clauses is _.A.先行词+关系词+定语从句B.先行词+关系词+定语从句 You are the girl whose heart is so lily（纯洁的）（纯洁的）.You are the girl whom we love so really.When you go you will take all the rain that has watered my heart all t
6、he nights.I dont know the reason why you are leaving I dont know the time when you are here.I wont forget the river where you often swim.And the valley where you often walk.Find attributive clauses and antecedents关系词分为关系词分为关系代词关系代词：which,who,whom,that,whose,as 关系副词：关系副词：where，when，whyKnow more about
7、 the relatives.（1）which 只能指物，作主语或宾语只能指物，作主语或宾语(作作 宾语可省略宾语可省略)These are the trees _were planted last year.This recorder _he is using ismade in Japan.Is this the library _you borrow books from?关系代词用法关系代词用法:whichwhich/省略省略which/省略省略（2）who只能指人只能指人,作主语或宾语作主语或宾语(作宾语可略）作宾语可略）The man_ I talked with is our t
8、eacher.A person _steals things is called a thief.（3）whom也只能也只能指人指人,且只能作宾语且只能作宾语 (作宾语作宾语可省略可省略)The man_ I nodded to is Mr.Li.who/省略省略whowhom/who/省略省略（4）that 指人指人/物，作主语或宾语物，作主语或宾语(作宾语可省略）作宾语可省略）A plane is a machine.It can fly.A plane is a machine_ can fly.He is the man.I talked to him just now.He is t
9、he man _I talked to just now.that/whichthat/who/whom/省略省略Which house is mineWhich house is mine?房顶是棕色的房子是我的。The house _ roof（屋顶）（屋顶）is brown is mine.whose(5)whose：即可指人，又可指物。：即可指人，又可指物。在从句中只能作定语在从句中只能作定语,表示所属关系。表示所属关系。whose 在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语,表示引导词与表示引导词与 whose 后后的名词为所属关系。的名词为所属关系。whose可与可与 of which/
10、whom+the+n.the+n.+of which/whom互换使用。互换使用。This is the book This is the book whosewhose cover is blue.cover is blue.This is the book This is the book of whichof which the cover is blue the cover is blue This is the book This is the book the cover of whichthe cover of which is blue is bluePractice Time
11、Titanic is the ship _sank after hitting an iceberg.which/thatZhang Guorong is a pop star_ died in the fall in March,2003.who/that The cat _hobby is watching TV seems to be a lazy cat.whoseThe city_ is Beijing.which hosted the 2008 Olympic Games host(举办举办)2008 Olympic GamesWhich baby is JackWhich bab
12、y is Jack?穿着红裤子的baby是Jack。The baby _ is Jack.The baby_ is Jack.whose trousers are redwho is wearing red trousersJackLearn about the Attributive Clause指人指人指物指物在定语从句中的作用在定语从句中的作用WhoWhomWhichthatwhose主语主语主语主语主语主语宾语宾语（可以省略（可以省略）宾语宾语（可以省略（可以省略）宾语宾语（可以省略（可以省略）宾语宾语（可以省略（可以省略）定语定语=sbs or sthsthatthat和和which
13、which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下但在下列情况下,一般用一般用thatthat而不用而不用whichwhich。(1)(1)先行词为先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,few,much little,few,much 等不定代词时。等不定代词时。Is there Is there anythinganything else else thatthat you don you dont t und
14、erstand?understand?(2)(2)先行词被先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,muchall,every,no,some,any,little,much等等 修饰时。修饰时。AllAll the books the books thatthat you need are here.you need are here.(3)(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is This is the firstthe first book book(that)(that)he has read.he has read.(4
15、)(4)先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the same,the lastthe only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。修饰时。This is This is the samethe same knife knife(that)(that)I lost I lost yesterday.yesterday.This is This is the verythe very pen pen(that)(that)she is looking she is looking for.for.(5)(5)先行词既有人又有物时。先行词既有人又有物时。He
16、 talked about He talked about the teachers and schoolsthe teachers and schools (that)(that)he had visited.he had visited.Dinner starts with a small dish,Dinner starts with a small dish,which which is is often called a starter.often called a starter.(6)(6)主句已有主句已有whowho或或whichwhich时时Who is the girl t
17、hat is standing under the tree?Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.注意：注意：thatthat不能用于非限制性定语从句或介词后。不能用于非限制性定语从句或介词后。(7)(7)主句以主句以There be There be 引导时引导时There are 200 people that didnThere are 200 p
18、eople that didnt know the thing.t know the thing.1.The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle _ were in the fields.2.The wind blew down the tallest tree _ is in front of our school gate.3.This is the very thing _ I was looking for.4.This is the second novel _I have ever read.5.There is nothin
19、g in the world _ can frighten me.6.Who is the man _ is reading under the tree?7.My hometown is not the same one _ it used to be twenty years ago.thatthatthatthatthatthatthat1.The man _came to our school is Mr.Li.2.The girl _ I met is Lucy.3.A child _parents are dead is called Tom.4.I like the book _
20、you bought yesterday.5.We shall never forget the days _we spent together.6.I have a room _window faces south.who/thatwhom/that/who/whosethat/which/that/which/whoseExercise 1 Fill in the blanks.7.The novel _ I borrowed from the library was written by Mo Yan.8.The place _ Mo Yan wrote the novel was at
21、 his study.9.The day _ Mo Yan will never forget is Oct.11th,2012,_ he was awarded the prize.Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks.(which/that)where(which/that)when 1.The person which Mo Yan wants to meet most is his wife.2.The film that was named Red Sorghum was directed by Zhang Yimou.3.The reason that Zha
22、ng Yimou directed the film was that it would be popular.4.Gong Li,which played the leading role in the film,is loved by many people.Exercise 2 Right or Wrong?(who/whom/that)why who 1.他把昨天买来的那本书借给我。他把昨天买来的那本书借给我。2.我不认识那个和你说话的女孩。我不认识那个和你说话的女孩。3.她是一个叫玛丽的女孩。她是一个叫玛丽的女孩。He lent me the book(that)he bought
23、yesterday.I dont know the girl(whom/that)you speak to.She is a girl who is called Mary.Exercise 3 Translate the following sentences4.那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。5.你记不记得我们一起度过的那一天你记不记得我们一起度过的那一天?Those boys who are playing tennis are my friends.Do you remember the day(that/which)we spent together?
24、关系副词的定义关系副词的定义1.关系副词在定语从句中代替关系副词在定语从句中代替先行词先行词。2.在定语从句中担任成分在定语从句中担任成分状语状语，即在从句，即在从句中起副词和介词短语作用。中起副词和介词短语作用。3.起起连接作用连接作用，它把两个句子连成一个定语，它把两个句子连成一个定语从句的主从复合句。从句的主从复合句。关系代词有下列三种：关系代词有下列三种：1.Where:在从句中做地点状语，指代在从句中做地点状语，指代地点地点。2.when:在从句中做时间状语，指代在从句中做时间状语，指代时间时间。3.Why:在从句中做原因状语，指代在从句中做原因状语，指代原因原因。由关系副词引导的定
25、语从句引导词引导词 :when where why 1.I still remember the day _ I first came to Beijing.I first came to Beijing on the day.先行词先行词“the day”在从句中做状语在从句中做状语,表示时间表示时间:(所以用关系副词所以用关系副词when。)比较比较：I still remember the day(_)we spend together.We spent the day together.先行词先行词“the day”在从句中做在从句中做spend宾语：宾语：（所以在该句中用关系代词（所
26、以在该句中用关系代词which/that，并且可省略。），并且可省略。）2.This is the place _ we worked last year.We worked in the place last year.先行词先行词“the place”在从句中做状语，表示地点：在从句中做状语，表示地点：(所以用关系副词所以用关系副词where。)比较：比较：This is the place(_)we visited last year.We visited the place last year 先行词先行词“the place”在从句中做在从句中做visited的宾语：的宾语：(所以用
27、关系代词所以用关系代词which/that,并且可省略。并且可省略。)u先行词在从句中做状语，用关系副词；先行词在从句中做状语，用关系副词；先行词在从句中做宾语或主语，用关系代词。先行词在从句中做宾语或主语，用关系代词。3.That is the reason(_)he dislikes me.That is(the reason)why he dislikes me.先行词先行词“the reason”表示原因，用关系副词表示原因，用关系副词why.该句中可省略先行词，或省略关系副词。该句中可省略先行词，或省略关系副词。u关系代词关系代词：1.1.先行词是先行词是人人 2.2.先行词是先行词
28、是物物 u关系副词：关系副词：1.1.先行词是先行词是时间时间 2.2.先行词是先行词是地点地点 3.3.先行词是先行词是原因原因 Practice(练习练习)1.The beautiful card is 1.The beautiful card is from my friend _ from my friend _ lives in Australia.lives in Australia.这张漂亮的明信片是澳大利这张漂亮的明信片是澳大利亚的朋友寄给我的。亚的朋友寄给我的。2.I borrowed the bike 2.I borrowed the bike from Tom _ fat
29、her is from Tom _ father is a teacher.a teacher.我从爸爸是教师的汤姆那我从爸爸是教师的汤姆那借的自行车。借的自行车。3.这部影片很有趣。这部影片很有趣。The film is very interesting.我昨天看的这部影片。我昨天看的这部影片。I saw the film yesterday.我昨天看的这部影片很有趣。我昨天看的这部影片很有趣。The film(that/which)I saw yesterday is very interesting.4.这是那所房子。这是那所房子。This is the house.我去年住在这所房子里
30、。我去年住在这所房子里。I lived in the house last year.这是我去年住的那所房子。这是我去年住的那所房子。This is the house I lived last year.This is the house I lived in last year.whereWhich/that6.We live on the earth,_ is much bigger than the moon.(非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句)我们住在地球上我们住在地球上,地球比月亮大多了。地球比月亮大多了。(“the earth”在从句中做主语在从句中做主语)5.This is t
31、he earth _ we live.这就是我们居住的地球。这就是我们居住的地球。(“the earth”在从句中做状语在从句中做状语)7.I still remember the day _ Mary made a chocolate cake.我一直记得玛丽做巧克力蛋糕的那我一直记得玛丽做巧克力蛋糕的那一天。一天。(“the day”在从句中做状语在从句中做状语)定语从句修饰的是定语从句修饰的是()()被修饰的词叫被修饰的词叫()()定语从句由关系定语从句由关系()()或关系或关系()()引导。引导。关系代词：1先行词是人 2先行词是物 n关系副词（从句中做状语）1.先行词是时间 .2.先
32、行词是地点 .3.先行词是原因 .Summary(总结总结)1.When do we use relative pronouns?1)He is a man whose parents are farmers.2)He is the first one who won the Nobel Prize in literature in China.4)He would go on to be the writer that he used to be.3)The amount of money(that/which)he will win is about 7,500,000 Yuan.当定语从
33、句中缺少_、_、_或_时，选用关系代词。注意：缺少定语时只能选用_。主语宾语表语定语whose 2.When do we use relative adverbs(关系副词)?Discovery 31)The time when he was born is February 17th,1955.2)The place where he was born is Gaomi County(县),Shandong Province.3)I think the reason why he wants to buy a big house in Beijing may be that he wants
34、 to give his family better living conditions.当定语从句是 _(完整/不完整)的句子时，选用关系副词。此时，先行词在定语从句中做_.完整状语定语从句中的主谓一致注意两个句型：注意两个句型：The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名建筑之一。长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名建筑之一。One of+复数名词复数名词+关系代词关系代词+复数形式动词复数形式动词He is the（only）one of the stud
35、ents who knows Russian in our school.他是我校唯一懂俄语的学生。他是我校唯一懂俄语的学生。The(only)one of+复数名词复数名词+关系代词关系代词+单数单数形式动词形式动词What 不能引导定语从句哪一个句子是错误的？哪一个句子是错误的？Tell me anything that you knowTell me what you know.Tell me anything what you know.定语从句的时态受不受主句时态的限制定语从句的时态受不受主句时态的限制,主要根据整个句子的具体语境决定。主要根据整个句子的具体语境决定。用关系代词或关系
36、副词填空1.This is the house _ I worked 2 years ago.这是我两年前在那工作过的房子。2.This is the house _ I visited.这是我参观过的房子。3.Ill never forget the day_ I joined the army.我永远忘不了我参军的那一天。4.Ill never forget the day _ we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。wherethat/whichwhenthat/which 翻译翻译1.他指给我看他丢钱包的地方。他指给我看他丢钱包的地方。He showed
37、me the place where he lost his wallet.2.我不认识那个和你说话的女孩。我不认识那个和你说话的女孩。I dont know the girl whom/that you speak to.3.她是一个叫玛丽的女孩。她是一个叫玛丽的女孩。She is a girl who is called Mary.4.那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。Those boys who are playing tennis are my friends.5.你记不记得我们到这儿的那一天你记不记得我们到这儿的那一天?Do you remember the day when we arrived here?1.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助之。2.He who laughs last laughs best.谁笑到最后，谁笑的最好。3.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉
