1、第三讲 翻译的一般技巧2第1页，共40页。第一节正反、反正表达法 英语和汉语中均有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。翻译时，英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文中可从反面来表达；英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子，译文中又可从正面表达。英反：no,not,de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less汉反：不，非，无，没有，未，否第2页，共40页。一英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达1，动词The first bombs missed the target.第一批炸弹没有击中目标。Such a chance was denied me.我没有得到这样一个机会。2，副词The subversion
2、 attempts proved predictably futile.不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。第3页，共40页。3，形容词The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释是相当不充分的。4，前置词This problem is above me.这个问题我不懂（或：解决不了）。It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签订这种合同。5，连接词The guerrillas would fight to the death before they surrendered.游击队员宁愿战死，决不投降。第4页，
3、共40页。6，名词The failure was the making of him.这次不成功是他成功的基础。7，短语The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。The younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。8，句子He was 75,but he carried his years lightly.他七十五岁了，可是并不显老。第5页，共40页。二英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达1，动词I
4、 rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.虽然他一再解释，但疑团仍然存在。2，副词The Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program.苏联正以空前的规模推行导弹制造计划。第6页，共40页。3，形容词He was an indecisive sort of per
5、son and always capricious.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。4，名词It was said that someone had sown discord among them.据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。5，短语Students,with no exception,are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。6，句子（略）第7页，共40页。第二节英汉句法现象的对比句子结构句序句子内容的一些其他表达手段第8页，共40页。一句子结构1，英语简单句结构转换成汉语复合句结构On April 2,HORNE
6、T put to sea escorted by cruisers,destroyers and a fleet oiler.“大黄蜂”号航母四月二日出航，由若干巡洋舰、驱逐舰和一艘舰队油船护航。2，英语复合句结构转化成汉语简单句结构It was well past midnight,and 24 U.S.planes flew high over the horizon.已过半夜的时候，24架美国飞机高飞在天际。第9页，共40页。3，英语复合句结构转换成汉语其他句子结构Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.我刚上火车，车就开了。（英主从
7、转汉联合复句）Grasp all,lose all.如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到手。（英并列转汉偏正复句）4，英语倒装句结构转换成汉语正装句结构Here ends the diary of Dr.Watson.华生医生的日记写到这里就结束了。第10页，共40页。5，英语被动结构转换成汉语主动结构；英语主动结构转换成汉语被动结构Kissinger was so devastated by Rockefellers defeat that he wept.基辛格为洛克菲勒的失败伤心透了，以致于哭了。（被动变成主动）Someone who has been out there in the fl
8、oodlights as often as he has cannot remain wholly undecipherable.一个像他这样经常抛头露面的人是不可能一点不被人识破的。（主动变成被动）第11页，共40页。二句序1，英汉语复合句中的时间顺序汉语先发生的事先叙述，后发生的事后叙述；英语灵活。2，英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序汉语常原因在前、结果在后；条件假设在前、结果在后；英语灵活。三句子内容的一些其他表达手段1，英句译汉时，增补内容2，英句译汉时，省略内容3，英句译汉时，改变词类4，英句译汉时，正译反、反译正第12页，共40页。第三节分句、合句法改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法：分句法是
9、把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。合句法是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句表达。第13页，共40页。一把原文一个单词译成句子，使原文一个句子分译成两个或两个以上句子1，副词The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。2，形容词That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出来的。第14页，共40页。3，名词He sh
10、ook his head and his eyes were wide,then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，两眼睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。第15页，共40页。I regard it as an honor that I was chosen to attend the meeting.这个问题我不懂（或：解决不了）。When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people,we are not merely being polite.第六节定语从句的译法游击队员宁愿战死，决不投降。1，被
11、，或给游击队员宁愿战死，决不投降。人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助于养活一家人就行。This is where the shoe pinches.她坐着，双手托着下巴，凝视着小厨房的一角。第一批炸弹没有击中目标。He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man,whose eyes flashed red with fury.Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。有些说出动作的主动者，有些则不说出动作的主动者。二把原文中一个短语译成句子，使原
12、文一个句子分译成两个或两个以上句子1，分词短语She sat with her hands cupping her chin,staring at a corner of the little kitchen.她坐着，双手托着下巴，凝视着小厨房的一角。2，名词短语Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的定律。第16页，共40页。3，前置词短语Their power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之
13、增强。He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，时机正合适。第17页，共40页。三把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。四把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句He was very clean.His mind was open.他为人单纯而坦率。第1
14、8页，共40页。五把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people,we are not merely being polite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。六把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa,and then it reached the sea.阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。第19页，共40页。第四节被动语态的译法英语中被动语态的使用范围很广：不必说出主动者；不愿说出主动者；无从说出主动者；为
15、了便于连贯上下文。第20页，共40页。一译成汉语主动句1，原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语The whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内，全国武装起来了。2，原文中的主语在译文中作宾语Mr.Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.（人们）不能阻止比林斯先生实行他的计划。3，译成带表语的主动句The crew were trained at Eglin Field,Fla.机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林基地训练的。第21页，共40页。4，常用被动句型的翻译不加主语：It is hoped that-,It is
16、reported that-,It is said that-,It is supposed that-,It must be admitted that-,It must be pointed out that-,It will be seen from this that-可加主语：（有人、大家、人们、我们）It is asserted that-,It is believed that-,It is generally considered that-,It is well known that-,It will be said that-,It was told that-第22页，共
17、40页。二译成汉语被动句强调被动的动作。有些说出动作的主动者，有些则不说出动作的主动者。1，被，或给Any minute we would be spotted by enemy planes.我们随时会被敌机发现。2，（遭）受They were given a hearty welcome.他们受到热烈欢迎。3，为所I was impressed by these words.我为这些话所感动。第23页，共40页。三译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句The people were chased off the streets by an eight oclock curfew.八点钟开始的宵禁把
18、人们从街道赶走。The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火使这家著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。Most letters from his wife,are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他的妻子给他的信件，大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。第24页，共40页。第五节名词从句的译法英语名词性从句包括：主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句第25页，共40页。一主语从句1，以what,whatever,whoever等代词引导的主语从句一般按原文顺序翻译What he
19、told me was only half-truth.他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而已。2，以it作假主语所引出的真主语从句，如提前译，it可译出；如不提前译，it一般不译出It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.驾驶员在飞机坠毁后还能活着，这似乎不可想象。It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然没有看出自己的缺点。第26页，共40页。二宾语从句1，用that,what,how等引
20、起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需改变它在原句中的顺序Can you hear what I say?你能听到我所讲的吗？2，用it作假宾语的句子，汉译时that引起的宾语从句一般按原文顺序译；it不译I made it clear that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.我讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。I regard it as an honor that I was chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议，感到光荣。（宾语从句前置了）第27页，共40页。三表语
21、从句表语从句跟宾语从句一样，英汉语顺序相近This is what he is eager to do.这就是他所渴望做的。That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power.就这样，小国战胜了大国。This is where the shoe pinches.这就是问题的症结所在了。第28页，共40页。四同位语从句汉译时不提前There were indications that intelligence,not politics was Helms primary concern.有种种迹象表明，赫尔姆斯主要关心的是情报
22、，而不是政治。汉译时提前The fact that I was alive was ignored.我仍然活着这个事实被忽视了。或者增加“即”、冒号、破折号。第29页，共40页。第六节定语从句的译法一限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。1，前置法The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。第30页，共40页。2，后置法如果从句结构复杂，译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，可译成后置并列分句。They are striving fo
23、r the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to 2 pounds each.他居然种出200个奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达2磅。第31页，共40页。3，融
24、合法把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子。适合译限制性定语从句。There are many people who want to see the film.许多人要看这部电影。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.楼下有人要见你。“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.一位外国经济学家说道：“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”（英主句压缩成汉词组作主语）第32页，共40页。二非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句对先行词不起限制作
25、用，只对它加以描写，叙述或者解释。用逗号隔开。1，前置法The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.那个整天躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射地露面了。Miggles laugh,which was very infectious,broke the silence.密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。第33页，共40页。2，后置法I told the story to John,who told it to his brother.我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。He saw in front
26、that haggard white-haired old man,whose eyes flashed red with fury.他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人，眼睛里愤怒地闪着红光。It was an old woman,tall and shapely still,though withered by time,on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈的妇女，她个子很高，仍然一副好身材，尽管受了时间的打磨。第34页，共40页。游击队员宁愿战死，决不投降。密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了静默。苏联正
27、以空前的规模推行导弹制造计划。如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到手。Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.1，用that,what,how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需改变它在原句中的顺序”（英主句压缩成汉词组作主语）由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.3，译成表“让步”的分句游击队员宁愿战死，决不投降。The younger generation will prove worthy of our tru
28、st.Men become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.3，干脆译成独立句He had talked to Vice-President Nixon,who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向他担保，凡是能够做到的都将竭尽全力去做。第35页，共40页。三兼有状语职能的定语从句有些定语从句，在意义上与主句有状语关系，说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关
29、系。译时要善于从字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系，然后译成汉语各种偏正复句。1，译成表“因”的分句Acat,whose eyes can take in more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。第36页，共40页。2，译成表“果”的分句There was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很
30、有魄力，所以他们都很喜欢。3，译成表“让步”的分句He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。My assistant,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiments,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.虽然我的助手在做试验之前已从头到尾仔细阅读过说明书，但
31、由于他死搬硬套，所以不能得到满意的结果。第37页，共40页。4，译成表“目的”的分句The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.帝国主义国家维持了庞大的陆海军，用以压迫和剥削遥远的他国人民。5，译成表“条件”、“假设”的分句Men become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families.人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助于养活一家人就行。第38页，共40页。He would be a short-sighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond.谁如果只守城堡而不往远处看，那他就是一个目光短浅的将领！第39页，共40页。第七节小结本讲学到了哪些知识？第40页，共40页。
